Question

Процесс объединения Италии и Германии: сходства и различия.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Самым основным сходство в развитии Италии и Германии является то, что для их развития было необходимо ликвидировать разрозненность земель этих двух стран. В них в обеих объединительный процесс брал свое начало наверху, что значит являлся инициативой правящих монархий, расположенных в германской Пруссии и итальянской Сардинии. Инициатива власти основывались на ведении обеими странами войн. Италия воевала с Австрией, а Германия вела конфронтации с Австрией и Францией. Так же схожим было оказываемое Австрией влияние в отношении обоих государств. Развитию стран способствовало революционное движение происходившее как в Италии, так и в Германии.

Отличительные черты развития Германии и Италии были следующими:

• В Италии активное действие в процессе объединения земель и в борьбе за реализацию единства страны принимали неравнодушных представители народного общества такие, как Гарибальди с его тысячей.

• Различными были и результаты развития двух стран. Так в ходе внутренних преобразования Германия превратилась в могучую империю владеющую колониями, чего нельзя утверждать об Италии.

• Германия обрела силу и величие даже не смотря на тяжёлый процесс объединения. Его тяжесть заключалась в том что было необходимо слияние тридцати пяти разрозненных земель.

• Таких клочков в Италии было существенно меньше, всего восемь разных провинций. Так же в числе отличий было принятие конституции в Германии, которая давала свобода вероисповедания и права. В Италии не было принято подобного документа.

Answer 2

Process of Unification of Italy and Germany: Similarities and Differences

The process of unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century was a significant development in European history. Both Italy and Germany were fragmented into numerous small states and kingdoms, and their unification aimed to create unified nation-states. While there were some similarities in the processes of unification, there were also notable differences.

Unification of Italy:

The unification of Italy was a complex and gradual process that took place between the late 18th century and the late 19th century. The key figures in the Italian unification movement were Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Count Camillo di Cavour. Here are some key points about the unification of Italy:

1. Role of Nationalist Movements: The unification of Italy was primarily driven by nationalist movements that aimed to create a unified Italian state. These movements sought to overcome regional divisions and establish a sense of Italian identity.

2. Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian general and nationalist, played a crucial role in the unification of Italy. He led the "Redshirts," a volunteer army, in several military campaigns that contributed to the unification process.

3. Role of Count Camillo di Cavour: Count Camillo di Cavour, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, played a significant role in the unification of Italy. He pursued a policy of diplomatic alliances and military campaigns to expand the influence of Piedmont-Sardinia and ultimately unify Italy.

4. Role of Foreign Intervention: The unification of Italy was influenced by foreign powers. For example, France played a role in supporting the unification process by helping Piedmont-Sardinia in its wars against Austria.

5. Formation of the Kingdom of Italy: The Kingdom of Italy was officially established in 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. The process of unification was completed with the incorporation of Rome in 1870.

Unification of Germany:

The unification of Germany was a more rapid and centralized process compared to the unification of Italy. It was primarily led by Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia. Here are some key points about the unification of Germany:

1. Role of Prussia: Prussia, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, played a central role in the unification of Germany. Bismarck pursued a policy of "blood and iron," which involved military campaigns and diplomatic maneuvering to achieve German unification.

2. Role of Wars: The unification of Germany was largely achieved through a series of wars. Prussia fought and won wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870-1871), which helped consolidate German territories and weaken rival powers.

3. Formation of the German Empire: The German Empire, also known as the Second Reich, was officially established in 1871. It was a federal state with Prussia as its dominant power, and Wilhelm I of Prussia became the first German Emperor.

4. Centralized Government: Unlike Italy, which had a more decentralized political structure, the German Empire had a centralized government with significant power vested in the emperor and the federal institutions.

Similarities and Differences:

While both Italy and Germany underwent a process of unification, there were several similarities and differences between the two:

1. Nationalist Movements: Both Italy and Germany experienced strong nationalist movements that sought to overcome regional divisions and create unified nation-states.

2. Role of Key Figures: Italy had figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour, while Germany was led by Otto von Bismarck. These leaders played crucial roles in the unification processes of their respective countries.

3. Foreign Intervention: Both Italy and Germany were influenced by foreign powers during their unification processes. France played a role in Italy's unification, while Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France shaped Germany's unification.

4. Timing and Pace: The unification of Italy was a more gradual and complex process that spanned several decades, while Germany's unification was achieved relatively quickly under Bismarck's leadership.

5. Political Structure: Italy's political structure after unification was more decentralized, with regional differences and challenges, while Germany had a more centralized government under the German Empire.

In conclusion, the processes of unification in Italy and Germany had similarities in terms of nationalist movements and foreign intervention, but they also had notable differences in terms of key figures, timing, pace, and political structure.