Question

1. Дайте определение следующим понятиям. Брестский мир. Гражданская война.иностранная военная интервенция.«белые».«красные».2. Назовите итоги Февральской и Октябрьской революций.3. Назовите первые декреты советской власти​

Answer 1

Ответ:

1.Бре́стский мир — сепаратный мирный договор, подписанный 3 марта 1918 года в городе Брест-Литовск представителями Советской России и Центральных держав, обеспечивший выход РСФСР из Первой мировой войны.

Гражданская война- вооружённая борьба между общественными классами одной страны во время революции.

Иностранная военная интервенция в России (1918—1921) — военное вмешательство стран Согласия (Антанты) и Центральных держав (Четверного союза) в Гражданскую войну в России (1917—1922) на стороне белого движения. Всего в интервенции приняли участие 14 государств.

Бе́лое движе́ние — военно-политическое движение разнородных в политическом отношении сил, сформированное в ходе Гражданской войны 1917—1922 годов в России с целью свержения советской власти.

«Красные» — наименование большевиков и союзных им сил в ходе Гражданской войны в России; антоним «белых». «Красные» или «козлы» — заключённые, открыто сотрудничающие с администрацией, занимающие какую-либо административную должность. «Красные» — название радикальной организации участников польского восстания 1863 года.

2.Основным итогомФевральской революции 1917 года стало отречение Николая II и приход к власти буржуазно-демократического Временного правительства под председательством Г. Е. Львова. ... После свержения монархии новым правительством была предоставлена амнистия всем политическим заключенным.

Итоги Октябрьской революции

Основным результатомОктябрьской революции стало установление нового политического порядка. ... Вследствие Октябрьской революции изменилась социальная структура — были ликвидированы сословия и связанные с ними привилегии.

3.Декрет «Об образовании Рабочего и Крестьянского правительства» 26 октября (8 ноября) образовал первый состав Совнаркома во главе с Лениным; Постановление «Об отмене смертной казни на фронте» 26 октября (8 ноября); Постановление «Об аресте министров Временного правительства» 26 октября (8 ноября);

Answer 2

Brest Peace

The Brest Peace refers to the peace treaty signed between Soviet Russia (representing the newly formed Soviet government) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) on March 3, 1918, during World War I. The treaty was signed in the city of Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus). The Brest Peace marked the end of Russia's participation in World War I and resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia. According to the terms of the treaty, Russia ceded large territories to the Central Powers, including Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, and parts of Poland and Finland. The treaty was highly controversial and led to internal divisions within Russia, as some factions opposed the territorial concessions. [[1]] [[2]]

Civil War

The Civil War in Russia, also known as the Russian Civil War, was a conflict that took place from 1918 to 1922 following the October Revolution and the overthrow of the Provisional Government. The war was fought between the Red Army, which represented the Bolshevik government (the "Reds"), and various anti-Bolshevik forces, including the White Army (the "Whites"), as well as other factions such as nationalist groups, foreign interventionist forces, and regional separatists. The Civil War was characterized by intense fighting, political and ideological struggles, and widespread violence and atrocities. The war ended with the victory of the Red Army and the establishment of the Soviet Union. [[3]] [[4]]

Foreign Military Intervention

During the Russian Civil War, several foreign powers intervened in the conflict on the side of the anti-Bolshevik forces. These interventions were aimed at supporting the White Army and overthrowing the Bolshevik government. The foreign interventionist forces included troops from countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, Japan, and others. The motivations behind foreign intervention varied, including concerns over the spread of communism, protection of economic interests, and geopolitical considerations. However, the interventionist efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, and the Red Army emerged victorious in the Civil War. [[5]] [[6]]

"Whites" and "Reds"

During the Russian Civil War, the terms "Whites" and "Reds" were used to refer to the two main opposing factions. The "Whites" represented the anti-Bolshevik forces, which included a diverse range of groups such as monarchists, liberals, conservatives, nationalists, and other factions opposed to the Bolshevik government. The "Reds" referred to the Bolsheviks and their supporters, who formed the Red Army and defended the newly established Soviet government. The conflict between the "Whites" and the "Reds" was not only a military struggle but also a clash of political ideologies and visions for the future of Russia. [[7]] [[8]]

Results of the February and October Revolutions

The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a Provisional Government. The revolution was sparked by a combination of factors, including food shortages, military failures, and popular discontent with the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II. The February Revolution led to a period of political transition and the emergence of various political parties and factions.

The October Revolution of 1917, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a follow-up to the February Revolution. Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party, the October Revolution resulted in the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and the establishment of a socialist government. The Bolsheviks dissolved the Provisional Government and proclaimed the Soviet government, which later became the foundation of the Soviet Union.

The February Revolution led to the end of the Romanov dynasty and the establishment of a provisional government, while the October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power and laid the groundwork for the establishment of a socialist state. These revolutions had profound and far-reaching consequences for Russia and the world, shaping the course of the 20th century. [[9]] [[10]]

First Decrees of the Soviet Government

After the October Revolution, the Soviet government issued a series of decrees that aimed to implement radical changes in various aspects of society. Some of the first decrees included:

1. Decree on Peace: This decree called for an immediate end to World War I and proposed a peace without annexations or indemnities. It was aimed at fulfilling one of the key demands of the Russian population and ending Russia's involvement in the war.

2. Decree on Land: This decree declared that all land should be transferred to the ownership of the people and abolished private ownership of land. It aimed to address the long-standing issue of land inequality and fulfill the demands of the peasantry.

3. Decree on Workers' Control: This decree granted workers the right to control and manage industrial enterprises. It aimed to empower workers and establish a system of workers' control over production.

These decrees were part of the broader revolutionary agenda of the Bolsheviks and reflected their commitment to radical social and political transformation. They laid the foundation for the subsequent policies and reforms implemented by the Soviet government. [[11]] [[12]]