Question

1. По крестьянской реформе 1861 г. а) крестьяне освобождались без земли4 б) вся помещичья земля передавалась крестьянам; в) крестьяне получали полную личную свободу; г) крестьяне должны были платить выкуп за землю. 2. Для осуществления выкупа земли по закону 19 февраля 1861 г. крестьяне одновременно должны были внести 20% всей выкупной суммы. Кто выплачивал помещику остальную часть? а) земства; б) коммерческие банки; в) государство; г) крестьянская община. 3. «Положение» 19 февраля 1861 г. предусматривало: а) беспроцентную ссуду государства на выкуп крестьянской земли; б) отмену сословных привилегий дворянства ; в) сохранение общины; г) ликвидацию помещичьего землевладения. 4. Ближайшим следствием проведения реформы 1861 г. стало: а) быстрый рост класса наемных рабочих; б) ликвидация в деревне социального неравенства; в) увеличение размеров наделов крестьян; г) укрепление экономического положения дворян.

Answer 1

1 г). 2 в). 3 б) 4 б)

Answer 2

The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia

The Emancipation Reform of 1861 was a significant event in Russian history that aimed to abolish serfdom and grant freedom to the peasants. Here are the key points regarding the reform:

1. Peasant Emancipation: - Peasants were emancipated from serfdom and gained personal freedom. - However, they were not automatically granted land. Some peasants were left without land and became landless laborers. - The land owned by the nobility was redistributed to the peasants, but they had to pay a redemption payment (выкуп) to the landowners in exchange for the land they received. - The redemption payment was intended to compensate the landowners for the loss of their serfs and land.

2. Redemption Payment: - According to the law of February 19, 1861, peasants were required to pay a redemption payment to the landowners for the land they received. - Peasants were expected to contribute 20% of the total redemption amount upfront, and the remaining 80% was to be paid over a period of 49 years. - The question of who paid the remaining 80% of the redemption payment is as follows: - a) Zemstvos (local self-government bodies): Zemstvos played a role in facilitating the redemption process and providing financial assistance to the peasants [[1]]. - b) Commercial banks: Commercial banks also provided loans to peasants to help them pay the redemption payment [[2]]. - c) State: The state provided interest-free loans to peasants to assist them in paying the redemption payment [[3]]. - d) Peasant commune (mir): The peasant commune, or mir, played a significant role in organizing the redemption process and providing financial support to its members [[4]].

3. Provisions of the Law of February 19, 1861: - The law included several provisions to regulate the process of emancipation and land redistribution: - a) Interest-free state loans: The law allowed peasants to obtain interest-free loans from the state to pay the redemption payment for the land they received [[3]]. - b) Abolition of noble privileges: The law abolished the special privileges enjoyed by the nobility, such as their authority over the peasants and their exemption from certain taxes [[5]]. - c) Preservation of the commune: The law aimed to preserve the traditional peasant commune (mir) as a form of local self-government and collective responsibility [[6]]. - d) Liquidation of noble landownership: The law led to the gradual liquidation of noble landownership and the transfer of land to the peasants [[7]].

4. Consequences of the Reform: - The Emancipation Reform of 1861 had several immediate consequences: - a) Rapid growth of the wage labor class: The reform led to the growth of a new class of wage laborers as some peasants became landless and had to seek employment in urban areas [[8]]. - b) Elimination of social inequality in rural areas: The reform aimed to eliminate social inequality in rural areas by granting land to the peasants and abolishing the privileges of the nobility [[9]]. - c) Increase in peasant landholdings: The reform resulted in an increase in the size of peasant landholdings, allowing them to have more control over their own agricultural production [[10]]. - d) Strengthening of the economic position of the nobility: While the reform aimed to address the issue of serfdom, it also aimed to ensure the economic stability of the nobility by compensating them for the loss of their serfs and land [[11]].

Overall, the Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia aimed to abolish serfdom, grant personal freedom to the peasants, and redistribute land from the nobility to the peasants. The reform had significant social, economic, and political consequences that shaped the course of Russian history.

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