Question

ИЗИ ЗАДАНИЕ.ДАЮ 20 БАЛЛОВ. СООБЩЕНИЕ О КУЛЬТУРЕ КИТАЯ 18 ВЕКА(БОЛЬШОЕ)

Answer 1

Ответ:

Китай наряду с Индией, Египтом и Мессопотамией (совр. Иран и Ирак) является древнейшей цивилизацией в мире, чей возраст превышает 5 тысяч лет. Культура Китая отличается богатством своих материальных и духовных ценностей, которые не менялись на протяжении тысячелетий. 

Многие из достижений человечества уходят корнями в китайскую цивилизацию. Именно отсюда берёт начало Великий Шелковый путь, который являлся своеобразным связующим мостом Востока с Западом, сыграв огромную роль в становлении культуры Китая, так как по нему в Поднебесную пришел буддизм, одна из главных религий китайской цивилизации.

Культура Китая включает в себя обычаи и традиции, музыку, танцы, живопись, язык, кухню, одежду и прикладное искусство. Особо следует отметить китайскую письменность.

Традиционная китайская вышивка на одежде

Традиционный китайский

музыкальный инструмент - Гучжэн

 

Китайская письменность – одна из древнейших в мире, так как сегодня в Китае пишут с помощью того же самого алфавита, что и пять тысяч лет назад. Сначала китайцы писали на деревянных дощечках, затем на шелке, а на рубеже нашей эры была изобретена 

Answer 2

Culture in 18th Century China

In the 18th century, China experienced significant cultural developments and transformations. This period, known as the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), was marked by the rule of the Manchu ethnic group and saw the consolidation of imperial power in China. Here are some key aspects of Chinese culture during the 18th century:

1. Confucianism and Social Hierarchy: Confucianism continued to be the dominant philosophy and moral code in Chinese society. It emphasized the importance of social order, filial piety, and respect for authority. The social hierarchy was strictly structured, with the emperor at the top, followed by the scholar-officials, gentry, and commoners.

2. Arts and Literature: The 18th century witnessed a flourishing of arts and literature in China. Traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, poetry, and music thrived during this period. Artists and scholars drew inspiration from classical Chinese texts and sought to revive and preserve traditional cultural forms.

3. Imperial Court Culture: The imperial court played a central role in shaping cultural trends during the Qing Dynasty. The emperors and their courtiers patronized the arts, supported scholars, and organized elaborate ceremonies and rituals. The court also promoted the study of Confucian classics and the civil service examination system.

4. Neo-Confucianism and Intellectual Movements: Neo-Confucianism, a philosophical school that integrated Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism, continued to influence intellectual discourse in the 18th century. Scholars engaged in debates on various topics, including ethics, metaphysics, and governance. Notable intellectual movements during this period included the "School of Mind" and the "Evidential Research Movement."

5. Economic and Technological Advancements: The 18th century witnessed economic growth and technological advancements in China. The Qing Dynasty implemented policies that promoted agricultural productivity, trade, and commerce. The development of industries such as textiles, ceramics, and metallurgy contributed to economic prosperity.

6. Interaction with the West: During the 18th century, China had increasing contact with Western powers, particularly through trade. The Qing Dynasty implemented a policy of maritime trade restrictions known as the Canton System, which limited foreign trade to the port of Canton (now Guangzhou). This period also saw the arrival of Christian missionaries and the spread of Western ideas and technologies.

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