Question

Политический результат новой экономической политики

Answer 1

Ответ:

Новая экономическая политика (сокр. НЭП или нэп) — экономическая политика, проводившаяся в 1920-е годы в Советской России и СССР.

Принята 14 марта 1921 года X съездом РКП(б), сменив политику «военного коммунизма», проводившуюся в ходе Гражданской войны и интервенции, которые привели Советскую Россию к экономическому упадку[1]. Главное содержание нэпа — замена продразвёрстки продналогом в деревне (при продразвёрстке изымали до 70 % зерна, при продналоге — около 30 %), использование рынка и различных форм собственности, привлечение иностранного капитала в форме концессий, проведение денежной реформы (1922—1924), в результате которой рубль стал свободно конвертируемой валютой.

Перед советским государством стояли проблемы финансовой стабилизации, а значит, подавление инфляции и достижение сбалансированного государственного бюджета. Стратегия государства, нацеленная на выживание в условиях кредитной блокады, определила приоритеты СССР в составлении балансов производства и распределении продуктов. Новая экономическая политика предполагала государственное регулирование смешанной экономики с использованием плановых и рыночных механизмов. В основе нэпа лежали идеи работ В. И. Ленина, дискуссий о теории воспроизводства и денег, принципах ценообразования, финансов и кредита.

НЭП позволила быстро восстановить народное хозяйство и экономику, разрушенные Первой мировой и Гражданской войнами.

Идеи Новой Экономической Политики оказали влияние на Дэн Сяопина и последующее бурное экономическое развитие Китая с 1980-х годов

Answer 2

Political Results of the New Economic Policy (NEP)

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a policy implemented by the Soviet Union under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin in the early 1920s. It aimed to revive the country's economy after the devastation caused by the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Civil War. The NEP introduced elements of a mixed economy, allowing for limited private enterprise and market mechanisms alongside state control. The policy had several political results, which are discussed below.

1. Consolidation of Power for the Bolshevik Party: One of the political results of the NEP was the consolidation of power for the Bolshevik Party, which was the ruling party in the Soviet Union. The NEP allowed the party to maintain control over key sectors of the economy while also permitting limited private enterprise. This helped the Bolsheviks to solidify their authority and maintain their grip on power.

2. Reconciliation with the Peasantry: Another significant political result of the NEP was the reconciliation between the Bolshevik government and the peasantry. During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks had implemented a policy of War Communism, which involved the requisitioning of grain from the peasants to feed the cities and the Red Army. This had led to widespread discontent among the peasantry. However, under the NEP, the government allowed the peasants to sell their surplus produce on the open market, which improved their living conditions and helped to restore their support for the regime.

3. Opposition from Left-Wing Communists: The implementation of the NEP also faced opposition from left-wing factions within the Communist Party. These factions believed that the NEP represented a retreat from the principles of socialism and a compromise with capitalism. They argued for a more radical approach to economic transformation, advocating for the rapid collectivization of agriculture and the elimination of private enterprise. However, Lenin and the majority of the party leadership supported the NEP as a necessary step towards economic recovery and consolidation of power.

4. Economic Recovery and Industrial Growth: The NEP played a crucial role in facilitating the economic recovery of the Soviet Union. By allowing limited private enterprise and market mechanisms, the policy stimulated agricultural production and encouraged investment in industry. This led to a period of economic growth and industrialization, with the establishment of new factories and the expansion of existing industries. The NEP helped to lay the foundation for the subsequent Five-Year Plans, which aimed to accelerate industrialization and transform the Soviet Union into a major industrial power.

5. Rise of the Nepmen and the Emergence of a New Class: The NEP also led to the rise of a new class of entrepreneurs known as the Nepmen. These were individuals who took advantage of the opportunities provided by the NEP to engage in private trade and business activities. The emergence of the Nepmen created a new social and economic dynamic in Soviet society, with a growing divide between the state-controlled sector and the private sector. This led to debates within the Communist Party about the role of the Nepmen and the direction of economic policy.

In conclusion, the New Economic Policy (NEP) had several political results. It helped to consolidate power for the Bolshevik Party, reconcile with the peasantry, and stimulate economic recovery and industrial growth. However, it also faced opposition from left-wing factions within the Communist Party and led to the emergence of a new class of entrepreneurs. The NEP played a significant role in shaping the political and economic trajectory of the Soviet Union in the 1920s.