Question

Порівняльна таблиця реформатичних засобів, що їх здійснювали під впливом модернізаційних процесів у XIXст. в на початку XXст. уряди Росії, Австро-Угорщини, Німеччини, Франції, Великої Британії, Італії. На свій вибір про декількох.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Ответ в фотографиях, я сравнил Англию, Францию, Германию

Answer 2

Comparative Table of Reform Measures in the 19th and Early 20th Century

In the 19th and early 20th century, various countries implemented reform measures under the influence of modernization processes. Let's compare the reform measures undertaken by the governments of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Great Britain, and Italy during this period.

Russia: - Emancipation of the Serfs: In 1861, Tsar Alexander II issued the Emancipation Manifesto, which freed the serfs in Russia from their feudal obligations. This reform aimed to modernize the Russian economy and society by abolishing serfdom and promoting industrialization and urbanization [[1]].

Austria-Hungary: - Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867: Also known as the Ausgleich, this agreement established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, granting Hungary more autonomy within the empire. It aimed to address nationalist aspirations and modernize the political structure of the empire [[2]].

Germany: - Industrialization and Economic Reforms: Germany underwent rapid industrialization and implemented economic reforms, including the establishment of a unified currency and a national banking system. This modernization process aimed to strengthen the German economy and consolidate the nation-state [[3]].

France: - Education Reforms: In the late 19th century, France implemented significant education reforms, including the Jules Ferry laws, which established free, compulsory, and secular education for all children. These reforms aimed to modernize the education system and promote national unity [[4]].

Great Britain: - Social and Welfare Reforms: In the early 20th century, the British government introduced various social and welfare reforms, including the establishment of old-age pensions, labor exchanges, and health insurance. These measures aimed to address social inequality and improve the living conditions of the working class [[5]].

Italy: - Unification and Modernization: In the 19th century, Italy underwent a process of unification, culminating in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. This period also saw efforts to modernize the country's infrastructure, economy, and legal system [[6]].

Each of these reform measures aimed to address specific challenges and opportunities arising from the modernization processes of the time, reflecting the diverse political, social, and economic contexts of the respective countries.

Is there anything specific you would like to explore further regarding these reform measures?