Question

Политические партии Пакистана во второй половине 20 века​

Answer 1

В 1947 году в результате раздела Индии образовалось новое государство, номинально подконтрольное Британии — Доминион Пакистан («паки» — чистый, правоверный). В состав нового государства помимо нынешней территории Пакистана входил также Бангладеш (Восточная Бенгалия, с 1956 года Восточный Пакистан). Пакистан обособился по религиозному принципу как мусульманский регион Индии. Однако мусульманский Кашмир остался вне нового государства, что послужило основой для Кашмирского конфликта. Первым генерал-губернатором нового Пакистана стал Мухаммад Али Джинна, а первым премьер-министром страны — Лиакат Али Хан.

В 1951 году Пакистан объявил о своей независимости. Выработка единых и чётких правил управления государством была вменена Учредительному собранию. Однако первое собрание в 1954 году было распущено под предлогом угроз от сепаратистов на востоке страны. Второе Учредительное собрание было созвано в 1955 году.

Answer 2

Political Parties in Pakistan in the Second Half of the 20th Century

In the second half of the 20th century, Pakistan witnessed the emergence and growth of several political parties. These parties played a significant role in shaping the country's political landscape and advocating for various ideologies and interests. Here are some of the notable political parties in Pakistan during this period:

1. Pakistan Muslim League (PML): The Pakistan Muslim League is one of the oldest and most influential political parties in Pakistan. It was founded in 1947 by a group of Muslim leaders led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. The PML has gone through various factions and splits over the years, but it has remained a prominent force in Pakistani politics.

2. Pakistan People's Party (PPP): The Pakistan People's Party was founded in 1967 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a prominent political leader. The party gained significant popularity and support, particularly among the working class and rural population. The PPP has advocated for socialist policies, democracy, and social justice. It has produced several prominent leaders, including Benazir Bhutto, who became the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan.

3. Awami League: The Awami League is a political party primarily based in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). It was founded in 1949 and played a crucial role in advocating for the rights and autonomy of East Pakistan. The party's demand for greater regional autonomy eventually led to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the formation of an independent Bangladesh in 1971.

4. Jamaat-e-Islami (JI): Jamaat-e-Islami is an Islamic political party in Pakistan. It was founded in 1941 by Abul A'la Maududi and has been influential in promoting Islamic values and principles in Pakistani society. The JI has participated in elections and has had a significant presence in the country's political landscape.

5. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM): The Muttahida Qaumi Movement is a political party that emerged in the 1980s, primarily representing the Urdu-speaking population in urban areas, particularly Karachi. The party has advocated for the rights and interests of the Urdu-speaking community and has had a significant presence in Karachi's politics.

6. National Awami Party (NAP): The National Awami Party was a left-wing political party that emerged in the 1950s. It aimed to represent the interests of various ethnic and regional groups in Pakistan, particularly in the provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The party advocated for greater provincial autonomy and social justice.

7. Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI): Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam is an Islamic political party that represents the interests of religious scholars and clerics in Pakistan. It was founded in 1945 and has been influential in promoting Islamic values and legislation in the country. The JUI has participated in elections and has had a significant presence in Pakistani politics.

These are just a few examples of the political parties that existed in Pakistan during the second half of the 20th century. It is important to note that the political landscape in Pakistan has evolved over time, with new parties emerging and existing parties undergoing transformations.