Question

Составить сравнительную таблицу реформ николая 1 и александра 2.

Answer 1

Ответ:

Составить сравнительную таблицу реформ Николая 1 и Александра 2:

Answer 2

Comparative Table of Reforms under Nicholas I and Alexander II

To compare the reforms implemented under Nicholas I and Alexander II, let's examine the key reforms introduced during their respective reigns.

Reforms under Nicholas I: 1. Administrative Reforms: Nicholas I implemented several administrative reforms aimed at centralizing power and strengthening the autocracy. These reforms included the establishment of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, which was responsible for political surveillance and repression. 2. Educational Reforms: Nicholas I introduced educational reforms that aimed to strengthen state control over education and promote loyalty to the autocracy. These reforms included the establishment of the Ministry of Education and the introduction of a standardized curriculum. 3. Censorship and Press Control: Nicholas I tightened censorship and press control, limiting freedom of speech and expression. The government established strict regulations and surveillance to control the dissemination of information and suppress dissent. 4. Serfdom: Nicholas I maintained the institution of serfdom and resisted significant reforms to improve the conditions of the serfs. His policies aimed to preserve the existing social order and prevent social unrest.

Reforms under Alexander II: 1. Emancipation of the Serfs: Alexander II is best known for his most significant reform, the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This reform abolished serfdom and granted personal freedom to millions of serfs. However, the reform was not without its limitations, as the serfs had to pay redemption payments to their former landlords for the land they received. 2. Judicial Reforms: Alexander II implemented judicial reforms aimed at improving the legal system and ensuring fair trials. These reforms included the establishment of trial by jury, the introduction of an independent judiciary, and the codification of laws. 3. Military Reforms: Alexander II introduced military reforms to modernize the Russian army. These reforms included reducing the length of military service, improving training and discipline, and updating military equipment and tactics. 4. Local Government Reforms: Alexander II implemented local government reforms known as the Zemstvo system. This system allowed for the establishment of elected local assemblies that had limited powers in areas such as education, health, and infrastructure development.

It is important to note that while Alexander II's reforms were more significant in terms of their impact on Russian society, they were not without limitations and did not fully address all the challenges faced by the country at the time.

Overall, the reforms under Nicholas I focused on strengthening the autocracy and maintaining the existing social order, while Alexander II's reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing various aspects of Russian society.

Please let me know if you need further information or clarification on any specific aspect of these reforms!