Question

СРОЧНО!!! Всесвітня історія. Домашня робота. Російська імперія. Назвіть реформу (60-70- х років 19 ст.) про яку йде мова: 1. Створено Міністерство фінансів 2. Створено земства 3. Селяни стали особисто вільними 4. Створені посади присяжних-засідателей 5. Створення міських управ 6. Створено Вищі жіночі курси 7. Територію ісперії розділено на 16 округів 8. Введено безкоштовну початкову освіту 9. Проведено земельну реформу 10. Введено загальну військову повинність 11. Створено гласний суд 12. Створено державний банк

Answer 1

Ответ:
1. Земська реформа
2. Земська реформа
3. Селянська реформа
4. Судова реформа
5. Земська реформа
6. Цензурна реформа
7. Адміністративно-територіальна реформа(?)
8. Реформа освіти та науки(?)
9. Столипінська реформа
10. Земська реформа
11. Судова реформа
12. Фінансова реформа
Объяснение:

Answer 2

The Reform in the Russian Empire in the 1860s-1870s

The reform in the Russian Empire in the 1860s-1870s, often referred to as the Great Reforms, encompassed a series of significant changes aimed at modernizing various aspects of Russian society and government. These reforms were implemented under the reign of Tsar Alexander II and had a profound impact on the country's political, economic, and social systems.

1. Creation of the Ministry of Finance: One of the key reforms was the establishment of the Ministry of Finance in 1862. This ministry played a crucial role in managing the country's finances, implementing fiscal policies, and overseeing economic development [[1]].

2. Creation of Zemstvos: Another important reform was the creation of Zemstvos in 1864. Zemstvos were local self-government bodies that aimed to decentralize power and involve the local population in decision-making processes. They were responsible for various administrative, social, and economic matters at the provincial and district levels [[2]].

3. Emancipation of the Serfs: The reform also included the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. This reform abolished serfdom and granted personal freedom to millions of peasants who were previously tied to the land and obligated to work for the nobility. However, the implementation of this reform was complex and had mixed results in terms of improving the living conditions of the peasants [[3]].

4. Introduction of Trial by Jury: The reform introduced the institution of trial by jury in 1864. This allowed for the participation of ordinary citizens as jurors in criminal trials, aiming to ensure a fair and impartial legal system [[4]].

5. Creation of Urban Self-Government: The reform also led to the creation of urban self-government bodies, known as city dumas, in 1870. These bodies were responsible for managing local affairs and addressing the needs of urban populations [[5]].

6. Establishment of Higher Women's Courses: In 1878, the Russian Empire established Higher Women's Courses, which provided women with access to higher education. This reform aimed to promote women's education and expand their opportunities for professional development [[6]].

7. Division of the Empire into Districts: As part of the reform, the Russian Empire was divided into 16 districts, known as guberniyas, in 1864. This administrative division aimed to improve governance and facilitate the implementation of various reforms [[7]].

8. Introduction of Free Primary Education: The reform introduced free primary education in 1864. This aimed to increase literacy rates and provide basic education to a wider population, including children from lower social classes [[8]].

9. Land Reform: The reform also included a land reform in 1861, which aimed to redistribute land ownership and provide peasants with the opportunity to acquire land. However, the implementation of this reform faced challenges, and many peasants remained landless or received insufficient land [[9]].

10. Introduction of Universal Military Conscription: The reform introduced universal military conscription in 1874. This meant that all male citizens of a certain age were required to serve in the military, regardless of their social status. This reform aimed to strengthen the Russian military and create a more modern and efficient army [[10]].

11. Creation of the Magistrate Court: The reform established the Magistrate Court in 1864. This court system aimed to provide a more accessible and efficient judicial process for minor offenses and civil cases [[11]].

12. Creation of the State Bank: The reform led to the establishment of the State Bank in 1860. The State Bank played a crucial role in regulating the country's monetary system, issuing currency, and managing financial transactions [[12]].

These reforms were significant steps towards modernization in the Russian Empire, but they also faced challenges and had varying degrees of success in achieving their intended goals. The Great Reforms aimed to address some of the pressing issues in the Russian Empire at the time and laid the foundation for further transformations in the years to come.