Question

че отличпются сферы неподвижных звёзд птолемия и коперника

Answer 1

Птолемей создал геоцентрическую схему строения солнечной системы. В центре мира, по предположению Птолемея, находится неподвижная Земля. 
Вокруг нее движутся Луна, Меркурий, Венера, Солнце, Марс, Юпитер и Сатурн (других планет в то время не знали) . А так как древние греки считали идеальной линией окружность, то астрономам того времени казалось естественным, что небесные тела могут двигаться только по круговым орбитам 

В 1530 г. выдающийся польский астроном Николай Коперник написал небольшой трактат, в котором утверждал, что Земля, как и все остальные планеты, обращается вокруг Солнца. Этот трактат не был напечатан, переписанный же от руки, он распространялся среди ученых — современников Коперника. За несколько дней до смерти Коперника (в 1543 г. ) была напечатана его основная работа «Об обращениях небесных сфер» . На страницах этой книги новое учение было изложено с математическими обоснованиями. 

Систему мира Коперника стали называть гелиоцентрической, чем подчеркивалось центральное положение Солнца в ней. Интересно отметить, что идея гелиоцентрической системы мира высказывалась уже Аристархом Самосским, который жил в IV—III вв. до нашей эры, но у него для подтверждения этой идеи не было достаточных данных наблюдений. Обвиненный в отрицании богов, он должен был покинуть Афины.

Answer 2

Difference Between the Spheres of Fixed Stars in Ptolemy and Copernicus

The spheres of fixed stars in Ptolemy's and Copernicus's models of the universe differ in several key aspects.

Ptolemy's Model: Ptolemy's model of the universe, known as the Ptolemaic system, was geocentric, meaning it placed the Earth at the center of the universe. In this model, the stars were believed to be fixed on a series of concentric spheres surrounding the Earth. Ptolemy's model also included epicycles, which were small circles that the planets were thought to move in as they orbited the Earth. This model was widely accepted for over a millennium.

Copernicus's Model: Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it. In Copernicus's model, the stars were also considered to be fixed, but they were no longer attached to spheres. Instead, they were seen as distant objects fixed in space.

Key Differences: 1. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric: Ptolemy's model was geocentric, placing the Earth at the center, while Copernicus's model was heliocentric, with the Sun at the center. - Ptolemy's model: "Ptolemy's model of the universe, known as the Ptolemaic system, was geocentric, meaning it placed the Earth at the center of the universe". - Copernicus's model: "Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it".

2. Spheres and Epicycles: Ptolemy's model included the concept of concentric spheres and epicycles to explain the motion of the planets, while Copernicus's model did not rely on such constructs. - Ptolemy's model: "In this model, the stars were believed to be fixed on a series of concentric spheres surrounding the Earth. Ptolemy's model also included epicycles, which were small circles that the planets were thought to move in as they orbited the Earth". - Copernicus's model: "In Copernicus's model, the stars were also considered to be fixed, but they were no longer attached to spheres. Instead, they were seen as distant objects fixed in space".

3. Overall Structure: Ptolemy's model relied on a complex system of nested spheres and epicycles, while Copernicus's model simplified the structure by placing the Sun at the center and having the planets orbit around it. - Ptolemy's model: "Ptolemy's model of the universe... included epicycles, which were small circles that the planets were thought to move in as they orbited the Earth". - Copernicus's model: "Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it".

In summary, the main differences between the spheres of fixed stars in Ptolemy's and Copernicus's models lie in their overall structure, the placement of the Earth and the Sun, and the conceptualization of the stars' fixed positions in the universe.