Question

Помогите с переводом пожалуйста!PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGESTransformations are of two kinds, known as physical and chemical changes.Physical changes are those which effect the state or condition of matter withoutchanging its composition. There is no change in the composition of a substancewhen it is transformed from the liquid to the gaseous state by heating, or from theliquid to the solid state by cooling, and vice versa. Thus, in all three states, stream,water, and ice are all the same substance, made up of the simpler substances,hydrogen and oxygen. The state, but not the composition is effected by the process ofheating or cooling.By changes in the conditions of a substance are meant changes such as when asolid mass is made to fine powder, salt or sugar are dissolved in water. It is clear thatsuch transformations like the changes from one state of matter to another, do notaffect the composition of the material. The fine power of a substance may be madesolid again, and we get back the sail or sugar unchanged by evaporating the water.Chemical changes, however, are those matter changes in which changes ofcomposition does take place and the new substance formed will not return to itsoriginal state, unless it is subjected to another chemical change. Thus iron, when it iseffected by moist a ir, is slowly transformed into iron rust entirely different in itsproperties from the original iron. The new substances will not become iron againwhen it is allowed to stand, although the iron can be obtained from it if it issubjected to the proper conditionsPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDSThe characteristic property of a gas is that of diffusion; a gas distributes itselfuniformly in any space into which it is put; its volume is determined by the volume ofthe vessel which contains it. Gases are very compressible; a relatively small change involume in which they expand when heated is great compared with that of liquids andsolids.Liquids are characterized by possessing a definite volume but no fixed form;they take the shape of the vessel containing them, except when in minute quantities,as drops, they assume a form more or less spherical. According to the kinetic theory,the molecules of a liquid are packed close together and attract one another; theattraction is not great enough, however, to prevent their motion. There is not muchfree space between the molecules, because liquids are very incompressible – a greatpressure has little effect in decreasing the volume of a liquid.Solids possess a definite form. According to the kinetic theory the moleculesare closely packed, and the attraction between them is great enough to prevent freemotion. It is possible in a solid, therefore, to have a definite arrangement of themolecules which remain fixed; this is seer in the fact that many solids assume definiteforms which are characteristic. For example, when sodium chloride separates from asolution in water, it appears as cubes. Other substances appear in other geometricforms. The study of the forms of crystals has developed into a science calledcrystallography, a knowledge of which is of service to the chemist.

Answer 1

Преобразования бывают двух видов, известных как физические и химические changes.Physical это те изменения, которые влияют на состояние или состояние материи withoutchanging его состав. Нет никаких изменений в составе substancewhen он превращается из жидкого в газообразное состояние путем нагрева, или от theliquid в твердое состояние при охлаждении, и наоборот. Таким образом, во всех трех государствах, ручей,вода и лед-все та же субстанция, состоящая из более простых веществ,водорода и кислорода. Государство, а не состав осуществляется процесс или ofheating cooling.By изменения в условия вещества имеются в виду такие изменения, как когда asolid масс производится в тонкий порошок, соль или сахар, растворенный в воде. Понятно, thatsuch преобразований, как изменяется от одного состояния материи к другому, сделать notaffect состав материала. Штраф мощности вещества могут быть madesolid снова, и мы вернемся парус или сахара неизменным выпариванием water.Chemical изменения, однако, те изменения материи, в которой изменения ofcomposition происходит, и образуется новое вещество не вернется к itsoriginal государстве, если только оно подвергается другой химических изменений. Таким образом, утюг, когда он iseffected по полученным ИК, медленно превращается в железо ржавеет совершенно разные в itsproperties от оригинала утюг. Новые вещества, не станет утюг если это разрешается стоять, хотя железо может быть получен из него, если он issubjected надлежащих условий для
Физические свойства газов, жидкостей и SOLIDSThe характерное свойство газа заключается в том, что диффузии; распределяет газ itselfuniformly в любое пространство, в которое он поставил; его объем зависит от объема выпускаемой сосуд, в котором она содержится. Газов очень сжимаемой; сравнительно небольшое изменение involume, в котором они расширяются при нагревании велика по сравнению с жидкостей andsolids.Liquids характеризуются обладающие определенной громкости, но без установленной форме;они принимают форму сосуда, их содержащие, за исключением случаев, когда в малых количествах,в виде капель, они принимают на себя в форме, более или менее шаровидная. Согласно кинетической теории,молекулы жидкости упакованы близко друг к другу и привлекают друг друга; theattraction не настолько велики, тем не менее, чтобы предотвратить их движения. Там не muchfree пространство между молекулами, потому что жидкостей очень несжимаемой - greatpressure мало влияет на снижение объема liquid.Solids имеют определенную форму. Согласно кинетической теории moleculesare тесно упакованы, и притяжение между ними достаточно велика, чтобы предотвратить freemotion. Возможно, в твердом теле, поэтому, чтобы определенному расположению themolecules, которые остаются фиксированными; это провидец в том, что многие твердых предположить, definiteforms которые характерны. Например, когда натрия хлорида отделяет от asolution в воде, и кажется, как кубики. Другие вещества появляются в других geometricforms. Изучение форм кристаллов, разработанных в науке calledcrystallography, знание которых служения химик. блин очень много не понятых слов!

Answer 2

Physical and Chemical Changes

Transformations in matter can be classified into two types: physical changes and chemical changes. Physical changes refer to alterations in the state or condition of matter without changing its composition. For example, when a substance is transformed from a liquid to a gaseous state by heating or from a liquid to a solid state by cooling, there is no change in its composition. This means that the substance remains the same, regardless of its physical state. An example of this is water, which can exist as steam, liquid water, or ice, but it is still composed of the same simpler substances, hydrogen and oxygen [[1]].

On the other hand, changes in the conditions of a substance, such as grinding a solid mass into fine powder or dissolving salt or sugar in water, are also considered physical changes. These transformations do not affect the composition of the material. For instance, the fine powder of a substance can be made solid again by evaporating the water, and the salt or sugar remains unchanged [[1]].

Chemical changes, however, involve alterations in the composition of matter, resulting in the formation of new substances that cannot return to their original state unless subjected to another chemical change. An example of a chemical change is the transformation of iron into iron rust when it is exposed to moist air. Iron rust has different properties from the original iron, and it cannot be converted back into iron simply by allowing it to stand. However, the iron can be obtained from the rust if it is subjected to the appropriate conditions [[1]].

Physical Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Gases possess certain characteristic properties. One of these properties is diffusion, which refers to the ability of a gas to distribute itself uniformly in any space it occupies. The volume of a gas is determined by the volume of the container in which it is placed. Gases are highly compressible, meaning that a relatively small change in volume can result in a significant expansion when they are heated, compared to liquids and solids [[2]].

Liquids, on the other hand, have a definite volume but no fixed form. They take the shape of the container in which they are placed, except when present in small quantities as drops, which assume a more or less spherical shape. According to the kinetic theory, the molecules of a liquid are closely packed together and attract one another. However, the attraction is not strong enough to prevent their motion. Liquids are relatively incompressible, meaning that a significant amount of pressure has little effect on decreasing their volume [[2]].

Solids possess a definite form. According to the kinetic theory, the molecules in a solid are closely packed, and the attraction between them is strong enough to prevent free motion. This allows for a definite arrangement of the molecules, which remains fixed. Many solids exhibit characteristic forms, such as cubes or other geometric shapes. For example, when sodium chloride separates from a solution in water, it appears as cubes. The study of the forms of crystals, which are solid substances with a regular repeating pattern, is known as crystallography [[3]].

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