
Перевести текст Criminal Justice It is the law courts that are to administer criminal justice in
England. Perhaps, criminal trial in the law courts of England is not so different from criminal trials in Europe. Still, it is interesting to note that in England newspapers mustn’t describe the accused as the “thief”, or the “murderer”; he is “the accused”, or “the defendant”, or “the prisoner”. Here is a description of a criminal trial in England. First, the counsel for the prosecution tells the court what he is going to prove by evidence in his opening statement. Then he calls his witnesses. These persons can say what they know in answers to questions, so the examination of witnesses is very important. Then, the counsel for the defense is to defend the prisoner. He calls his witnesses. The judge can interfere if any of the questions are unfair. Every counsel may examine a witness of the opposite side. This is the cross-examination. The law of evidence is very strict. Every witness must swear an oath (sometimes with his hand on the Bible) “to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth”. A witness is to give evidence in a special “witness box”. A witness may tell only what he himself considers to be true. There can be no “hearsay” evidence at the trial. When the examination of the witnesses is over, counsels for both sides make further speeches. Then the judge is to sum up. After that he asks the jurors to consider their verdict. The members of the jury have to decide only the questions of fact. Questions of the law are for the judge. So, the jury retires to a private room to consider a verdict, i.e. to find the prisoner “guilty” or “not guilty”. In English law courts the judge may know the prisoner’s past record of crime, if there is any, only after the verdict. This should help the judge to pass the just sentence – more or less severe.

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Criminal justice in England is administered through the law courts, and the criminal trial process shares some similarities with those in Europe. However, there are notable distinctions, such as the way the media describes the accused. In England, newspapers are prohibited from referring to the accused as a "thief" or "murderer"; instead, they must use terms like "the accused," "the defendant," or "the prisoner."
A typical criminal trial in England involves several key stages. First, the counsel for the prosecution presents an opening statement outlining what they intend to prove with evidence. Subsequently, they call witnesses who provide information in response to questions. The examination of witnesses is a crucial aspect of the trial. Following the prosecution, the counsel for the defense takes the floor to defend the accused, also calling their own witnesses. The judge has the authority to intervene if any questions are deemed unfair. Each counsel has the opportunity to cross-examine witnesses from the opposing side.
The law of evidence in England is stringent. Witnesses are required to swear an oath (sometimes on the Bible) to "tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." Witnesses give their testimony from a special "witness box" and are limited to sharing only what they personally believe to be true. Hearsay evidence is not admissible in the trial.
Once witness examination concludes, counsels for both sides deliver additional speeches. The judge then summarizes the case and instructs the jurors to deliberate on their verdict. Jurors are tasked with deciding questions of fact, while questions of law remain within the judge's purview. The jury retires to a private room to reach a verdict, determining whether the accused is "guilty" or "not guilty."
In English law courts, the judge may only learn about the prisoner's past criminal record, if any, after the verdict is reached. This timing allows the judge to consider the defendant's history when determining an appropriate and just sentence, which may be more or less severe based on the circumstances.


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