Question

Срочно дам 44 баллов 6 Read an article about the giant concrete arrows that have been found in the USA. Match sentences A–G with gaps 1–5. There are two extra sentences. Follow the arrow If you have even been inside the cockpit of a plane, you will have noticed the large number of instruments on the walls and ceiling around the pilot’s seat. Many of these buttons, dials and screens are used in navigation. Unlike car drivers, pilots do not have the luxury of signs and arrows telling them where to go. 1___ So how were pilots able to find their way in the days before radio and satellite communication? In the USA, the problem of navigation first arose when the airmail postal service was introduced in 1911. In the beginning, huge bonfires were lit to show pilots where to land in the dark. Later, a more practical solution was found: the construction of giant concrete arrows on the ground. The arrows were 21 m long and painted bright yellow. 2___ The top light turned around to attract the pilot’s attention, and two others lit up the arrow and flashed a code to identify its location. The first of these arrows was laid in 1924, and by 1929, there were around 1,500 of them. They formed an illuminated path for airmail pilots stretching from New York to San Francisco. 3___ But by the 1940s, new navigation techniques were being discovered and soon, the arrows and their towers were no longer needed. They were gradually abandoned and some of them were removed completely. However, not all of the arrows have disappeared. In the state of Montana, they are still used for guiding pilots through the mountains. 4___ Yet either because of their size or due to their bad condition, the arrows are not easy to find. In many cases, if you want to see one, it is a question of knowing where to look. Which is where retired couple Brian and Charlotte Smith can help. The two are devoted fans of the arrows and spend much of their time hunting them down. So far, they have located more than a hundred of them. 5___ Their aim is to preserve the memory of these historical structures and prevent them from being lost forever. A Once they find an arrow, they map its location, photograph it and upload the details onto their website. B To enable pilots to see them at night, a steel tower with lights was built in the middle. C By the following year, the arrows had reached New York. D The arrows were spaced about 16 km apart and were an important part of the Transcontinental Airway System. E Instead, they rely on sophisticated GPS systems. F Many of the planes were flown by former army pilots. G Some are still visible in the empty areas of other states such as Utah, Wyoming and Indiana.

Answer 1

If you have even been inside the cockpit of a plane, you will have noticed the large number of instruments on the walls and ceiling around the pilot’s seat. Many of these buttons, dials and screens are used in navigation. Unlike car drivers, pilots do not have the luxury of signs and arrows telling them where to go. Instead, they rely on sophisticated GPS systems. So how were pilots able to find their way in the days before radio and satellite communication?

In the USA, the problem of navigation first arose when the airmail postal service was introduced in 1911. In the beginning, huge bonfires were lit to show pilots where to land in the dark. Later, a more practical solution was found: the construction of giant concrete arrows on the ground. The arrows were 21 m long and painted bright yellow. To enable pilots to see them at night, a steel tower with lights was built in the middle. The top light turned around to attract the pilot’s attention, and two others lit up the arrow and flashed a code to identify its location.

The first of these arrows was laid in 1924, and by 1929, there were around 1,500 of them. They formed an illuminated path for airmail pilots stretching from New York to San Francisco. The arrows were spaced about 16 km apart and were an important part of the Transcontinental Airway System. But by the 1940s, new navigation techniques were being discovered and soon, the arrows and their towers were no longer needed. They were gradually abandoned and some of them were removed completely.

However, not all of the arrows have disappeared. In the state of Montana, they are still used for guiding pilots through the mountains. Some are still visible in the empty areas of other states such as Utah, Wyoming and Indiana. Yet either because of their size or due to their bad condition, the arrows are not easy to find. In many cases, if you want to see one, it is a question of knowing where to look.

Which is where retired couple Brian and Charlotte Smith can help. The two are devoted fans of the arrows and spend much of their time hunting them down. So far, they have located more than a hundred of them. Once they find an arrow, they map its location, photograph it and upload the details onto their website. Their aim is to preserve the memory of these historical structures and prevent them from being lost forever.

Answer 2

Introduction

In the early days of aviation, pilots faced challenges in navigation, especially during nighttime flights. This article discusses the use of giant concrete arrows in the USA to guide pilots before the advent of radio and satellite communication. The arrows were part of the Transcontinental Airway System and were used to mark the airmail postal service route. Over time, new navigation techniques replaced the need for these arrows, but some of them can still be found today.

Matching Sentences A-G with Gaps 1-5

1. Gap 1: Follow the arrow - The giant concrete arrows served as a visual guide for pilots, helping them navigate their way during flights. 2. Gap 2: The arrows were 21 m long and painted bright yellow - The arrows were constructed to be easily visible from the air. They were 21 meters long and painted in a bright yellow color. 3. Gap 3: The first of these arrows was laid in 1924 - The construction of the giant concrete arrows began in 1924, and by 1929, there were approximately 1,500 of them across the USA. 4. Gap 4: But by the 1940s, new navigation techniques were being discovered - With the advancement of navigation techniques, such as radio and satellite communication, the giant concrete arrows became obsolete by the 1940s. 5. Gap 5: Yet either because of their size or due to their bad condition, the arrows are not easy to find - Although many of the arrows have been removed or abandoned, some can still be found in certain areas, such as Montana. However, locating them can be challenging due to their size or deteriorated condition.

Extra Sentences

- Extra Sentence 1: Many of the planes were flown by former army pilots - The airmail postal service was initially operated by former army pilots, who played a crucial role in the early days of aviation. - Extra Sentence 2: Some are still visible in the empty areas of other states such as Utah, Wyoming, and Indiana - While many of the arrows have disappeared over time, some can still be seen in certain states like Utah, Wyoming, and Indiana.

Conclusion

The giant concrete arrows in the USA were used to guide pilots before the widespread use of radio and satellite communication. These arrows were part of the Transcontinental Airway System and helped pilots navigate their way during airmail flights. Over time, new navigation techniques replaced the need for these arrows, and many of them were removed or abandoned. However, some arrows can still be found in certain areas, and efforts are being made to preserve their historical significance.