Question

Помогите составить пересказ текста 8 предложений на английском . Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information. Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices ajre. widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics. The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was, the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World Vfar II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war. The transistor invented by American scientists WShockly, J.Bardeen and WBrattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for highspeed computers or for microwave communication systems. The progress in semiconductor technology led to the devel¬opment of the integrated circuit (1С), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1С greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

Answer 1

Сегодня трудно представить нашу жизнь без электроники. Она окружает нас повсюду. Электронные устройства широко используются в научных исследованиях и промышленном проектировании, она контролируют работу заводов и электростанций, расчета траекторий ракет и помогает людям открыть новые явления природы. Автоматизация производственных процессов и исследований на живых организмах стала возможной благодаря электронике.
Изобретение вакуумных трубок в начале 20-го века было отправной точкой быстрого роста современной электроники.

Транзистор изобретен американскими учеными В Шокли, Дж. Бардин и В. Братайн. Транзистор - небольшой кусок полупроводника с тремя электродами, имел большие преимущества перед лучшими вакуумными трубами. Это при условии, что выполнял те же функции, что вакуумная трубка с высокой надежностью. С изобретением транзистора все основные функции схемы могли осуществляться внутри твердых тел. Целью создания электронных схем с совершенно твердотельных компонентов, наконец была реализована. Ранние транзисторы могут реагировать на скорости несколько миллионов раз в секунду. Это было достаточно быстро, чтобы служить в цепях радио, но значительно ниже скорости, необходимой для высокоскоростных компьютеров или для микроволновых систем связи.
Прогресс в полупроводниковой технологии привели к развитию интегральной схемы (1С), который был обнаружен благодаря усилиям Джон Килби в 1958 году. Появилась новая область науки — интегрированная электроника. Суть ее заключается в пакетной обработке. Вместо того, чтобы производить, тестировать и собирать по очереди на микросхеме, были произведены большие группировки этих компонентов вместе с их соединениями. 1С значительно снижает размер устройств, снизили производственные затраты и в то же время они обеспечивают высокую скорость и повышенную надежность.

Answer 2

Electronics is a branch of engineering and applied physics that focuses on designing and using electronic circuits. These circuits rely on the movement of electrons to generate, transmit, receive, and store information. In our modern world, electronics play an indispensable role, permeating every aspect of our lives. We are surrounded by electronic devices that serve various functions. These devices are extensively employed in scientific research and industrial design, overseeing the operations of plants and power stations, calculating spacecraft trajectories, and unveiling new natural phenomena.

The foundation of electronics was laid with the development of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century. These tubes enabled the manipulation of signals and marked the initial phase of electronics' rapid advancement. Different types of vacuum tubes were created to perform specialized functions, propelling progress in radio communication technology before World War II and contributing to the early computers during and after the war. However, the vacuum tubes were eventually replaced by transistors, which were invented by American scientists Shockly, Bardeen, and Brattain in 1948. Transistors, tiny semiconductor devices with three electrodes, offered significant advantages over vacuum tubes, including reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and enhanced reliability.

With the advent of transistors, the concept of conducting essential circuit functions within solid bodies became achievable. Early transistors could respond at a relatively high rate, but they fell short of meeting the demands of high-speed computers and microwave communication systems. The evolution of semiconductor technology led to a groundbreaking discovery by John Kilby in 1958 – the integrated circuit (IC). This innovation heralded the era of integrated electronics, characterized by batch processing. Instead of individually crafting, testing, and assembling discrete components on a chip, groups of these components along with their interconnections could be fabricated simultaneously. Integrated circuits drastically reduced device sizes, production costs, while simultaneously delivering elevated speed and heightened reliability.