Question

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: Интенсивные усилия; увеличить надежность; увеличить параметры; уменьшить размер и стоимость; вряд ли кто-нибудь мог прогнозировать; количественные и качественные изменения; область науки; пленочная технология; полупроводниковый метод; сокращать элементы схемы; суть миниатюризации в том, что; создать схемы с долгим сроком службы; чрезвычайно высокая скорость реакции; чем меньше, тем быстрее; преимущество; расходовать энергию; польза; уменьшение расстояния между элементами схемы; большая интегральная схема; микроволновая интегральная схема; волновод; линия передач; смещать; изображение схем; расширять возможности человека. Текст: The intensive effort of electronics to increase the reliability and performance of its products while reducing their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone could predict. The evolution of electronic technology is sometimes called a revolution: a quantitative change in technology gave rise to qualitative change in human capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science — microelectronics. Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with the realization of electronic circuits, systems, and subsystems from very small electronic devices. Microelectronics is a name for extremely small electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye. The point of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits long-lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is known that the speed of response depends on the size of transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work. One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller devices consume less power. In space satellites and spaceships this is a very important factor. Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the reduction of distances between circuit components. Packing density increased with the appearance of small-scale integrated circuit, medium-scale IC, large-scale IC and very-large-scale IC. The change in scale was measured by the number of transistors on a chip. There appeared a new type of integrated circuits, microwave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave IC began with the development of planar transmission lines.Then new IC components in a fineline transmission line appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric waveguide integrated circuits emerged. Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light. Electronics has extended man’s intellectual power. Microelectronics extends that power still further.

Answer 1

Ответ:

the intensive effort(s)

to increase the reliability

to increase performance

to reduce size and cost

hardly anyone could predict

quantitative and qualitive changes

a branch of science

film technique

semiconductor technique

reduce circuit elements

the point of the miniaturization is to

to make circuits long-lasting

extremely high speed

the smaller -the faster

advantage of

to consume power

benefit

the reduction of distances between circuit components

large-scale IC

microwave integrated circuit

waveguide

Transmission line

to displace

circuit patterns

extend man’s intellectual power

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Intensive efforts - Vigorous attempts Increase reliability - Enhance reliability Increase parameters - Augment parameters Reduce size and cost - Decrease size and cost Hardly anyone could predict - Few could have foreseen Quantitative and qualitative changes - Quantitative and qualitative alterations Field of science - Scientific field Film technology - Thin-film technology Semiconductor method - Semiconductor technique Reduce circuit elements - Minimize circuit elements The essence of miniaturization is that - The core of miniaturization is that Create long-lasting circuits - Generate durable circuits Extremely high reaction speed - Exceptionally high response speed The smaller, the faster - The smaller, the quicker Advantage - Benefit Expend energy - Consume energy Benefit - Advantage Reduce distance between circuit elements - Decrease distance between circuit components Large-scale integrated circuit - Large-scale IC Microwave integrated circuit - Microwave IC Waveguide - Transmission line Shift - Displace Circuit diagram - Circuit layout Expand human capabilities - Extend human capabilities