Question

 1. Present Perfect, for and since. 2. Tag questions 3. Much/many, little/a little, few/a few 4. Say and tell Рассказать правила Пример present simple это прошедшие то есть если говорится писать в present simple надо писать предложение в прошедшим!

Answer 1

Предлоги Since и For являются предлогами времени.

Since используется с указанием точного времени, момента во времени, с которого что-либо началось, как, например: March 31, или 9:19 a.m., или Tuesday.

Например:
I have been studying English since 1993.
Я изучаю английский с 1993 года.

John has helped me since 10:00 this morning.
Джон помогает мне с 10 утра.

For используется с указанием периода, промежутка времени, в течение которого что-либо совершается, происходит, как, например: 1 day, или 3 hours, или 5 years.

Например:
I have been studying English for 4 years.
Я изучаю английский 4 года.

Разделительный вопрос в английском языке состоит из двух частей. В «хвостике» обычно стоит вспомогательный или модальный глагол, который мы использовали в первой части предложения, и местоимение, которое было подлежащим в первой части. Также важно помнить, что если первая часть утвердительная, то вторая будет отрицательной, и наоборот. Поскольку эти вопросы чаще всего встречаются в устной речи, отрицательные «хвостики» в них всегда сокращаются.
You are not listening to me, are you? () – Ты меня не слушаешь, да?


much, many - "много"
little, few - "мало"
Much, little определяют неисчисляемые существительные:

There is much snow in the street.
На улице много снега

There is little sugar in my tea.
В моём чае мало сахара.
Many, few - ставятся перед исчисляемыми существительными:

There are many spoons on the table, but there are few knives on it.
На столе много ложек, но мало ножей.
Little, few в сочетании с неопределённым артиклем образуют устойчивые сочетания со следующими значениями:

a few - "несколько"
a little - "немного"
A little - "немного" и a few - "несколько" употребляются в смысле "некоторое, хотя и небольшое количество", в то время как little и few - "мало" употребляются в смысле "недостаточно, почти нет".

I've got little time.
У меня мало времени.

I've got a little time.
У меня есть немного времени.

He has few friends.
У него мало друзей.

He has a few friends.
У него есть несколько друзей.
Say and tell.
После tell мы обязательно должны указать, кому мы адресовали фразу, а после say – можно и не указывать. Например:
• What did he say? – Что он сказал? 
А вот так неправильно:
• What did he tell?
Раз мы не говорим, кому адресована фраза, мы не можем использовать tell. Зато как только мы уточняем, кому что-то было сказано, использование tell сразу становится закономерным:
• What did he tell you? – Что он вам сказал?

Answer 2

1. Present Perfect with "for" and "since":

• The Present Perfect tense is used to talk about actions or events that started in the past and have a connection to the present. It is formed using "have" or "has" + the past participle of the verb.
• "For" is used to indicate the duration of the action, and "since" is used to indicate the starting point of the action.
• Example with "for": "She has lived in this city for five years." (The action of living started in the past and continues up to the present, and it has been five years since she started living here.)
• Example with "since": "He has been studying English since 2010." (The action of studying English started in 2010 and continues up to the present.)

2. Tag questions:

• Tag questions are short questions added to the end of a sentence to confirm information or seek agreement. The form of the tag depends on the main sentence.
• If the main sentence is affirmative, the tag is negative, and vice versa.
• If the main sentence contains an auxiliary verb, the tag uses the same auxiliary. If there's no auxiliary, we use "do" for present simple and "did" for past simple.
• Example: "You like coffee, don't you?" (The main sentence is "You like coffee," which is affirmative, so the tag is "don't you," which is negative.)

3. Much/many, little/a little, few/a few:

• "Much" and "many" are used with uncountable nouns and countable nouns, respectively, to indicate a large quantity.
• "Little" and "a little" are used with uncountable nouns to indicate a small quantity, with "a little" being more positive (indicating some) than "little" (indicating not much).
• "Few" and "a few" are used with countable nouns to indicate a small number, with "a few" being more positive (indicating some) than "few" (indicating not many).
• Example with "much/many": "There is much sugar in the bowl." (uncountable) / "There are many books on the shelf." (countable)
• Example with "little/a little": "He has little patience." (uncountable) / "She has a little time to spare." (uncountable)
• Example with "few/a few": "We have few opportunities for advancement." (countable) / "We have a few minutes to catch the bus." (countable)

4. Say and tell:

• "Say" and "tell" are both verbs used in reported speech, but they are used differently.
• "Say" is used without a direct object and is usually followed by the reported speech itself.
• "Tell" is used with a direct object, which is the person to whom the information is being given.
• Example with "say": "He said he would be here soon." (Here, "he said" is followed by the reported speech, "he would be here soon.")
• Example with "tell": "She told me she was going to the store." (Here, "she told" is followed by the direct object "me," representing the person to whom the information was given, and then the reported speech, "she was going to the store.")

Regarding your comment about the present simple, it seems there might be some misunderstanding. The present simple tense is used for general truths, habitual actions, and scheduled events, not for writing sentences in the past. If you have specific examples or questions about present simple usage, feel free to provide them for further clarification.