
Помогите с английским пожалуйста Нужно перевести: Most structural steel failures happen at
connections....where a beam connects to a column, where a joist connects to a beam, where a hanging rod connects to a beam (the Kansas City Hyatt discussed above). The Structural Engineer must design the design the steel members and give guidelines for the connections. Many people in the Construction Industry don't understand, though, that the Structural Engineer rarely designs the connections. Why is that? Historically, the Steel Fabricators developed many different ways to make connections. What one Fabricator did in his shop economically might have been quite an expensive way to do it in a competitor's Fabrication Shop. So the practice developed that the Structural Engineer would size the members, but the Steel Fabricators would design the connections, which the Structural Engineer should then review and approve. If you think that seems like a complicated system prone to error, you'd be correct. But that is the system we generally have in American construction. So the Construction Supervisor should know something about steel connections and have an idea if they are being installed correctly. A bit of background in Basic Structural Design is helpful, but the main thing to understand is the concept of pin connections versus fixed connections. A beam bolted to a column with clip angles along the beam web likely creates a pin connection. This means that the beam shouldn't be able to move up or down, nor in or out, but it can rotate a bit. A steel column bolted to a concrete pier with four anchor bolts also typically creates a pin connection. Again the steel column won't go up, down or sideways, but it may be able to rotate a bit. The fixed connection must stop that ability to rotate. So for a beam to have a fixed connection to a column, along with clip angles, there may be a plate on the top and bottom flanges of the beam that gets welded to the column. With all that welding, the beam can no longer rotate. If a steel column is buried four feet deep in a concrete pier, it also would not be rotating at the point that it exits from the concrete. So those are a couple of ways to create fixed (or moment resisting) connections. The Construction Supervisor should be aware if any fixed (or moment resisting) connections are required and understand how they are to be made. Just asking the questions increases the likelihood of a successful project.

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Most structural steel failures happen at connections. This occurs when one steel component connects to another, such as a beam connecting to a column, a joist connecting to a beam, or a hanging rod connecting to a beam (as seen in the case of the Kansas City Hyatt discussed earlier). The responsibility of the Structural Engineer is to design the steel members and provide guidelines for the connections. However, it's a common misunderstanding in the Construction Industry that the Structural Engineer is responsible for designing the connections as well.
The reason for this division of responsibilities lies in historical practices. Steel Fabricators, who construct the steel components in their shops, developed various methods to create connections. These methods could differ significantly in terms of cost-effectiveness between different Fabrication Shops. Thus, it became common for Structural Engineers to size the members while leaving the design of connections to the Steel Fabricators. However, the Structural Engineer is still required to review and approve the connection designs.
Although this system seems complex and prone to errors, it is the standard approach used in American construction. As a result, it is essential for the Construction Supervisor to have knowledge about steel connections and be able to assess if they are installed correctly. While a background in Basic Structural Design can be helpful, the key concept to grasp is the difference between pin connections and fixed connections.
A pin connection allows some rotational movement but restricts movement up, down, or sideways. For example, a beam bolted to a column with clip angles along the beam web typically creates a pin connection. On the other hand, a fixed connection prevents rotational movement as well. To achieve a fixed connection between a beam and a column, in addition to clip angles, there may be plates on the top and bottom flanges of the beam that get welded to the column. This welding ensures that the beam cannot rotate.
Similarly, a steel column bolted to a concrete pier with four anchor bolts usually creates a pin connection. However, if the steel column is buried deeply in the concrete pier, it can be considered a fixed connection as it cannot rotate at that point of exit from the concrete.
The Construction Supervisor should be aware of whether fixed (or moment resisting) connections are required for the project and understand how they are to be made. Asking the right questions about the connections increases the likelihood of a successful construction project.


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