Question

Ответить на вопрос по тексту 2. What is the aim of the capital punishment? Capital Punishment Until medieval times, the death penalty was a frequently imposed criminal sanction. During the sixteenth century there was a shift in practice in Europe from the death penalty and corporal punishment to imprisonment, which has since become the major sanction for criminal acts. Although capital punishment is currently being fought by a number of organized groups and is abolished or at least restricted in many countries, it is still part of the crime control system of the majority of the world. International efforts to abolish capital punishment have not been very successful. The chances of bringing about changes are much worse at the international level than at the regional level, where unanimity is easier to achieve. The more society has felt obliged to provide justification for the death penalty, the more studies have tried to prove or disapprove the deterrent effect of capital punishment. The deterrence theory envisions potential criminals weighing the potential punishment before committing crimes. But murders are more often than not committed out of conflict situations that involve emotions rather than rational calculations. Moreover, the risk of execution is difficult to take into account because potential murderers are more likely to dissociate themselves with the people executed because they regard them as unsuccessful and socially inferior. Current research indicates that the death penalty has no consistent, demonstrable deterrent effect. There is even evidence that executions have the opposite, brutalizing effect, meaning that homicide rates increase slightly several weeks after an execution. Public opinion is currently calling for the re-establishment or the extension of capital punishment because of rising crime rates, growing violence and ineffectiveness of other forms of punishment. Although state legislatures and politicians must do everything they can to fight crime and achieve more public safety, they must not respond to such emotional demands directly.

Answer 1

1. Сме́ртная казнь — лишение человека жизни в качестве наказания, узаконенного государством и осуществляемого по вступившему в силу приговору суда или по решению иных государственных или военных органов. 2.Цель казни была не послушание или нарушения правила короля .3. За бесплатное покедания страны . 4. Мнение людей оценивало казнить или пощадить кого-либо (наказуемого).

Answer 2

The aim of the capital punishment, as described in the text, seems to be twofold: punishment for criminal acts and deterrence of potential criminals. However, the text also highlights that there are controversies and challenges surrounding the effectiveness and justification of capital punishment.

1. Punishment for Criminal Acts: Historically, the death penalty has been used as a criminal sanction for serious offenses. It was frequently imposed until medieval times, and it remained a part of the crime control system in many countries despite efforts by organized groups to abolish or restrict it. The concept behind using capital punishment as a form of punishment is to hold individuals accountable for their actions and provide justice for the victims and society.

2. Deterrence of Potential Criminals: One of the arguments in favor of capital punishment is the deterrence theory, which suggests that potential criminals might weigh the potential punishment before committing crimes. The idea is that the fear of facing the death penalty would discourage people from engaging in criminal activities. However, the text also points out that there is little consistent, demonstrable evidence to support this theory. Studies have shown that murders are often driven by emotions and conflicts rather than rational calculations, and the risk of execution may not be a significant factor in the decision-making process of potential murderers.

The text further indicates that there is evidence suggesting that the death penalty may have an opposite effect, leading to a slight increase in homicide rates after an execution. This is referred to as the "brutalizing effect." Additionally, public opinion sometimes calls for the re-establishment or extension of capital punishment in response to rising crime rates and growing violence, but the text suggests that policymakers should not make decisions based solely on emotional demands.

In summary, the aim of capital punishment is to serve as a punishment for criminal acts and, potentially, to deter others from committing similar crimes. However, the effectiveness and justification of the death penalty are subjects of ongoing debate and research, with conflicting evidence on its deterrent effect and concerns about its impact on homicide rates.