Question

The Industrial Revolution Up until the Industrial Revolution objects were made by craftsmen, either working on their own, collectively in rural cottage industries or in Guilds or Societies in the towns. The majority worked at a low level of skill and design, producing simple buildings, furniture, plates etc. This resulted in localized designs often produced by generations of one family with no technological or design style changes. It was as if time stood still.There were a few craftsmen who worked for the nobility and the rich merchants producing objects based on designs and technology taken from other countries. They formed their own design styles, but they still could only make a limited number of objects at a high price. These objects can now be seen in museums.The dates given for design style movements can only be approximate. Nothing suddenly happens. In many cases two styles overlap, one was fading away and one coming in. The reasons why these new movements occur are a complex mix of historical, political and social facts, but that’s history. The time between 1914 and 1950 was a period of great upheaval, loss of life and world depression. However new technologies still steadily improved and design went through different styles. (First World War 1914—1918, Second World War 1939—1945). The history of Industrial Design really began with the start of the Industrial Revolution that took place during the early part of the 1700’s with the invention of mechanical processes of production. Everything changed, for the first time it was possible to produce large quantities of a product cheap enough for most people to own.The design of the product came out of the technology available at the time. Ceramic manufacturers found it easy to mass-produce plain white plates but still had to paint on the pattern by hand — too expensive. They developed a method of transfer printing but only blue ink would withstand the high temperatures used during the glazing process. This is why all the plates of the early period are blue, the most famous being the Willow Pattern. As ink technology improved, so did the colour and complexity of the patterns.Design was led by its technology and was of a very low standard with very little thought for the user. Manufacturers spent no money on beautifying their products as they had little competition and were out to make as much money as possible. In those days designers were either architects or artists and manufacturers felt no need to use them.In the early part of the 1800’s, people began to realize that there was a problem. The architect, Charles Cockerel said “the attempt to supersede the work of the mind and the hand by mechanical process for the sake of economy will always have the effect of degrading and ultimately ruining art”. Many years later, the Bauhaus used technological processes as the basis of their designs. In 1833, a Parliamentary Select Committee was set up to examine the problem of a low standard of product design.The morality of the country was felt to be reflected through its art. This feeling is still held today by many academics. In 1837, a government School of Art was set up with the aim to train designers for working with industry but it failed. It took the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the Arts and Crafts Movement to change things.Find in the text words or phrases which mean the same as:• низкий уровень мастерства• высокая цена• приблизительно• совершенствовать технологическое мастерство• низкий стандарт• раскрашивать узор вручную• переводить оттиск, рисунок​

Answer 1

Ответ:

• низкий уровень мастерства  - low level of skill

• высокая цена  - high price

• приблизительно  - approximate

• совершенствовать технологическое мастерство  - new technologies (still steadily) improved

• низкий стандарт  - low standard

• раскрашивать узор вручную  - to paint on the pattern by hand

• переводить оттиск, рисунок - transfer printing

Объяснение:

Answer 2

valid in today's society, as art and design continue to be seen as expressions of cultural values and societal progress.

During the Industrial Revolution, the advent of mechanization and mass production radically transformed the manufacturing process. The introduction of machinery allowed for the efficient production of goods on a large scale, reducing costs and making products more affordable for the general population.

However, this newfound efficiency came at the expense of craftsmanship and individual artistry. The focus shifted from skilled craftsmen creating unique and intricate objects to factories producing standardized and uniform goods. Design took a backseat to functionality and cost-effectiveness.

At this time, the majority of goods lacked aesthetic appeal and showed little consideration for the user experience. Manufacturers prioritized maximizing profits rather than investing in the beauty or quality of their products. Designers were not widely employed, and most products were created without their input.

Recognizing the decline in artistic and design standards, there were individuals and groups who voiced concerns about the devaluation of art and craftsmanship. Figures like Charles Cockerel, an architect, criticized the mechanization of production for prioritizing economic gains over artistic integrity.

In response to these concerns, a Parliamentary Select Committee was established in 1833 to address the issue of low-quality product design. This indicates a growing awareness of the importance of aesthetics and design in reflecting the moral and cultural values of a society.

Over time, as industrialization progressed and society underwent significant changes, design began to evolve. New movements emerged, driven by advancements in technology, shifts in societal values, and the influence of artistic and design philosophies.

One notable movement that emerged in the early 20th century was the Bauhaus, a German art school that sought to unify art, craft, and technology. The Bauhaus embraced technological processes and materials, considering them integral to design. They aimed to create functional yet aesthetically pleasing objects that catered to the needs of a changing society.

From the Industrial Revolution onwards, design has continued to evolve, reflecting advancements in technology, shifts in cultural values, and the ever-changing needs of users. Today, designers play a crucial role in shaping our products and environments, considering not only functionality but also aesthetics, sustainability, and user experience. The relationship between technology and design remains intertwined, with technological innovations often influencing and enabling new design possibilities.

In summary, the Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift in manufacturing processes and the role of design. Initially, the focus was on mass production and cost efficiency, often neglecting aesthetics and user experience. However, over time, awareness grew regarding the importance of design in reflecting societal values, leading to the emergence of new design movements and the integration of technology into design processes.