Question

Осуществите следующие превращения C6H6 → C6H5NO2 → C6H5NH2 → C6H5NH3C1 N2 → NH3 → NO → HNO3 → NO2

Answer 1

С6H6 +HO-NO2 -> C6H5-NO2+H2O
C6H5-NO2 +3H2 -> C6H5-NH2 +2H2O
C6H5-NH2+HCl-> C6H5-NH3Cl
C6H5-NH3Cl+HO-NO -> C6H5-OH + N2 + HCl +H2O
N2+3H2 -> 2NH3
4NH3+5O2 -> 4NO+6H2O
4NO+2H2O+ 3O2-> 4HNO3
4HNO3 +Cu -> Cu(NO3)2+2NO2 +2H2O

Answer 2

Conversion of C6H6 to C6H5NO2

The conversion of C6H6 (benzene) to C6H5NO2 (nitrobenzene) involves the nitration of benzene. Nitration is a chemical reaction in which a nitro group (-NO2) is introduced into a molecule. In this case, one of the hydrogen atoms in benzene is replaced by a nitro group.

The reaction is typically carried out by treating benzene with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. The sulfuric acid helps to generate the nitronium ion (NO2+), which is the electrophile responsible for the substitution reaction.

The reaction can be represented by the following equation: C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

Conversion of C6H5NO2 to C6H5NH2

The conversion of C6H5NO2 (nitrobenzene) to C6H5NH2 (aniline) involves the reduction of the nitro group (-NO2) to an amino group (-NH2). This reduction can be achieved using various methods, such as catalytic hydrogenation or the use of reducing agents like iron and hydrochloric acid.

One common method is the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, which involves the use of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C) or platinum (Pt). The nitro group is reduced to an amino group by adding hydrogen gas (H2) under high pressure and temperature.

The reaction can be represented by the following equation: C6H5NO2 + 3H2 → C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Conversion of C6H5NH2 to C6H5NH3Cl

The conversion of C6H5NH2 (aniline) to C6H5NH3Cl (aniline hydrochloride) involves the reaction of aniline with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Aniline is a weak base, and it reacts with HCl to form its conjugate acid, aniline hydrochloride.

The reaction can be represented by the following equation: C6H5NH2 + HCl → C6H5NH3Cl

Conversion of C6H5NH3Cl to N2

The conversion of C6H5NH3Cl (aniline hydrochloride) to N2 (nitrogen gas) involves a series of reactions. First, aniline hydrochloride is treated with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form a diazonium salt. Then, the diazonium salt is decomposed to produce nitrogen gas.

The reactions can be represented by the following equations: C6H5NH3Cl + NaNO2 + HCl → C6H5N2Cl + NaCl + 2H2O C6H5N2Cl → N2 + C6H5Cl

Conversion of N2 to NH3

The conversion of N2 (nitrogen gas) to NH3 (ammonia) involves the process of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by living organisms. This process is typically carried out by certain bacteria, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the soil or in the root nodules of leguminous plants.

These bacteria have the enzyme nitrogenase, which can convert N2 into ammonia (NH3) through a series of complex reactions. The ammonia produced can then be used by plants and other organisms as a source of nitrogen for the synthesis of proteins and other essential molecules.

Conversion of NH3 to NO

The conversion of NH3 (ammonia) to NO (nitric oxide) involves the process of selective catalytic reduction (SCR). SCR is a chemical reaction in which a reducing agent, such as ammonia, reacts with a nitrogen oxide (NOx) compound in the presence of a catalyst to produce nitrogen gas (N2) and water (H2O).

In the case of NH3 to NO conversion, the reaction is typically carried out using a catalyst such as vanadium oxide (V2O5) or platinum (Pt) at high temperatures. The ammonia reacts with the nitrogen oxide to form nitrogen gas and water.

The reaction can be represented by the following equation: 4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O

Conversion of NO to HNO3

The conversion of NO (nitric oxide) to HNO3 (nitric acid) involves the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), followed by the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water to form nitric acid.

The oxidation of NO to NO2 can occur spontaneously in the presence of oxygen (O2) or can be catalyzed by various catalysts such as platinum (Pt) or ozone (O3).

The reaction can be represented by the following equations: 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

Conversion of HNO3 to NO2

The conversion of HNO3 (nitric acid) to NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) involves the decomposition of nitric acid. Nitric acid can decompose under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or exposure to sunlight, to produce nitrogen dioxide and water.

The reaction can be represented by the following equation: 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2

Please note that the reactions described above are simplified representations of the actual chemical processes involved. The conditions, catalysts, and specific reaction mechanisms may vary depending on the experimental setup and desired outcome.