Question

1Белки в отличие от других химических веществ имеют1Водородные связи2Пептидные связи3Эфирные связи4Двойные связи2Органические вещества мономерами,которых являются аминокислоты-Это1Углеводы2Жиры3Нуклеиновые кислоты4Белки3Углеводы в клетке выполняют1Транспортную функцию2Структурную3Терморегулярную 4Каталическую 4В какой структуре белка появляются водородные связи?1Третичной2Четвертичной3Вторичной4Первичной5Ферментативную функцию в организме выполняет белок-1Гемоглобин2Уреаза3Иммуноглобулин4Инсулин6Гемоглобин выполняет1Защитную функцию2Регуляторную функцию3Транспортную функцию4Ферментативную функцию

Answer 1

всё взяла из своих скудных знаний биологии,надеюсь,поможет!)

1)2

2)1

3)2

4)3

5)2

6)3

Answer 2

Proteins and their Chemical Bonds

Proteins are a type of macromolecule composed of amino acids. They have several unique characteristics that distinguish them from other chemical substances. Let's explore these characteristics in more detail:

1. Hydrogen Bonds: Proteins have hydrogen bonds, which are weak chemical bonds formed between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen or nitrogen atom of another amino acid. These bonds play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and stability of proteins [[1]].

2. Peptide Bonds: Peptide bonds are strong covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form a protein chain. They are formed through a condensation reaction, where the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, releasing a water molecule. This process repeats to form a long chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide chain [[2]].

3. Ether Bonds: Ether bonds are not typically found in proteins. Ether bonds are formed when an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms. However, proteins primarily contain peptide bonds and do not have significant amounts of ether bonds.

4. Double Bonds: Double bonds, which involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons between atoms, are not commonly found in proteins. Double bonds are more commonly observed in other types of organic compounds, such as lipids.

Organic Compounds and Amino Acids

Organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Proteins are organic compounds composed of amino acids. Amino acids are the monomers, or building blocks, of proteins. They are linked together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.

1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a source of energy in cells. They are not the monomers of proteins. Instead, carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars.

2. Lipids: Lipids are another class of organic compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes. They are not the monomers of proteins. Lipids are primarily composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

3. Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are organic compounds that store and transmit genetic information. They are not the monomers of proteins. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.

4. Proteins: Proteins are the organic compounds that are composed of amino acids. Amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which then fold into complex three-dimensional structures to perform various functions in the cell.

Functions of Carbohydrates in Cells

Carbohydrates play several important roles in cells. Let's explore some of their functions:

1. Energy Source: Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for cells. They can be broken down through cellular respiration to produce ATP, which is used to fuel various cellular processes.

2. Structural Function: Carbohydrates can also serve as structural components in cells. For example, cellulose, a type of carbohydrate, forms the cell walls of plants, providing rigidity and support.

3. Thermal Regulation: Carbohydrates can help regulate temperature in organisms. Some animals, such as hibernating mammals, store carbohydrates in their bodies as glycogen. During periods of low metabolic activity, these stored carbohydrates are broken down to release heat and maintain body temperature.

4. Catalytic Function: While proteins are the primary catalysts in cells, some carbohydrates, known as enzymes, can also catalyze specific chemical reactions.

Hydrogen Bonds in Protein Structures

Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in determining the structure and stability of proteins. These bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen or nitrogen atom of another amino acid within the protein chain.

1. Primary Structure: The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Hydrogen bonds may form between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids, helping to stabilize the protein's linear structure.

2. Secondary Structure: The secondary structure of a protein refers to the folding patterns that occur within the polypeptide chain. Two common secondary structures are the alpha helix and the beta sheet. In these structures, hydrogen bonds form between the carbonyl oxygen atom of one amino acid and the amide hydrogen atom of another amino acid, stabilizing the folding pattern.

3. Tertiary Structure: The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the overall three-dimensional arrangement of the polypeptide chain. Hydrogen bonds can form between different regions of the protein, helping to stabilize its final folded structure.

4. Quaternary Structure: Some proteins are composed of multiple polypeptide chains. In these cases, hydrogen bonds can form between different chains, contributing to the overall stability of the protein complex.

Protein Functions in the Body

Proteins perform a wide range of functions in the body. Let's explore one specific protein and its function:

1. Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in areas of the body where oxygen is needed. Therefore, hemoglobin performs a transport function in the body [[3]].

I hope this information helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.