Question

31.Методы получения новых сортов культурных растений разрабатывает наука 1)ботаника 2)генетика 3)селекция 4)биогреография 32. Двухмембранные органоиды клетки, имеющие складки внутренней мембраны - кристы, называются 1)пластиды 2)аппарат Гольджи 3)митохондрии 4)рибосомы 33. Расхождение хроматид в митозе происходит в 1)профазе 2)метафазе 3)анафазе 4)телофазе 34.Неклеточной формой жизни является 1)бактерии 2)циста амебы 3)сине-зеленая водоросль 4)вирус 35. В результате оплодотворения образуется зигота, в которой 1)образуется гаплоидный набор хромосом 2)образуется триплоидный набор хромосом 3)восстанавливается диплоидный набор хромосом 4)число хромосом не изменяется 36. Ген-участок малекулы 1) РНК 2) ДНК 3)белка 4)липида 37.Какая болезнь человека -результат генной мутации? 1)серповидно-клеточная анемия 2)грипп 3) малярий 4)дизентерия 38.Коровы одной и той же породы в различных условиях содержания дают разные удои молока. Это проявление 1)хромосомной мутации 2) модификационной изменчивости 3) генной мутации 4) комбинативной изменчивости 39. Среди движущих сил эволюции, ведущих к к возникновению приспособления у живых организмов к среде обитания, направляющий характер имеет 1) борьбу за существование 2) искусственный отбор 3) естественный отбор 4) волны жизни 40.Результатом эволюции является 1)создание новых штампов 2)появление новых засухоустойчивых сортов растений 3)возникновение новых видов животных 4) выведеник более продуктивных пород скота 41.Макроэволюция ведет к 1)образованию новых видов 2) надвидовым преобрзованиям,формированию родов,семейство отрядов и тд 3) изменению генофонда популяции, ее изоляции и образованияподвидов и рас 4)изменением генотипов у отдельных особей крупных млекопитающих 42.Абиотический фактор-это 1)поедание хищником жертвы 2)вырубка лесов 3)строительство человеком плотин 4) изменение температуры воды в реке по сезонам года 43.Биосфера является открытой системой, так как она 1)способна к саморегуляции 2)способна изменять во времени 3)состоит из экосистем 4)связана м Космосом обменом веществ 44. Органоиды, в которых осуществляется фотосинтез, называется 1)митохондрии 2)рибосомы 3)вакуоли 4)пластиды 45. Особей, образующих гаметы разного сорта, в потомстве которых происходит расщепление, называют 1)аллельными 2)гетерозиготными 3)неаллельными 4)гомозиготными 46.эволюция-это 1) зародышевое развитие организмов 2)изучение строения растений и животных 3)историческое развитие органического мира 4)изучение многообразия организмов и распределение их по группам 47. Примером идиоадаптации является 1)возникновение кровеносной системы у кольчатых червей 2)редукция органов зрения у крота 3)разнообразие окраски перьев птиц 4) сокращение ареала уссурийского тигра 48.В настоящее время наибольшие изменения в биосфере вызывают факторы 1)биотические 2)абиотические 3) антропогенные 4)космические 49. Вирусы состоят из 1)липидной оболочки, молекул ДНК или РНК 2)белковой оболочки, молекул ДНК или РНК 3)хитиновой оболочки, белков и молекул АТФ 4)полисохаридной оболочки и молекул РНК 50. В соматических клетках здорового человека находятся 1)32 хромосомы 2)46 хромосом 3)21 хромосома 4)23 хромосомы 51.Элементарной эволюционной единицей является 1) биоценоз 2)особь 3)род 4)популяция 52. Микроэволюция - это 1)эволюция микроорганизмов 2)эволюция биоценозов 3)эволюционные изменения незначительные, что не приводят к видообразованию 4)эволюционные процессы в популяциях, приводящие к видообразованию 53.Изменения, связанные с сокращением ареала и численности особей вида, называют 1)аромофозом 2)биологическим прогресом 3)дегенерацией 4)биологическим регрессом 54. К антропогенным факторам относится 1)изменение длины светового дня 2)осушение блот 3)выпадение снега 4)извержение вулкана 55.Основой устойчивогоразвития экосистемы является 1)колебание численности популяции в экосистеме 2)биологическое разнообразие 3)переселение видов на новые территории 4) уничтожение видов хищников и насекомых - вредителей 56.Центром происхождения картофеля является 1)Южная Азия 2)Южная Америка 3)Центральная Америка 4)Средиземноморье

Answer 1

1)ботаника наука о растениях

Answer 2

Methods of Developing New Varieties of Cultivated Plants

The development of new varieties of cultivated plants involves several scientific disciplines, including botany, genetics, and breeding. These disciplines work together to improve the characteristics of plants, such as yield, disease resistance, and nutritional value. Here is a breakdown of the roles of each discipline:

1. Botany: Botany is the scientific study of plants. It plays a crucial role in understanding the structure, function, and classification of plants. Botanists study plant anatomy, physiology, and ecology, which provides valuable insights into plant development and growth [[1]].

2. Genetics: Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. Geneticists investigate the inheritance of traits in plants and identify genes responsible for specific characteristics. They use various techniques, such as genetic mapping and DNA sequencing, to understand the genetic makeup of plants and develop new varieties with desired traits [[2]].

3. Breeding: Plant breeding is the process of crossing different plants to produce offspring with desirable traits. Breeders select parent plants based on their desired characteristics and cross them to create new combinations of genes. This process is repeated over several generations to develop stable and improved varieties of plants [[3]].

It is important to note that these disciplines often overlap and collaborate with each other to achieve the best results in developing new varieties of cultivated plants.

Two-Membrane Organelles with Folded Inner Membranes

The organelles within a cell that have two membranes and folded inner membranes are called mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. The folded inner membranes, known as cristae, increase the surface area available for chemical reactions involved in ATP production [[4]].

Chromatid Separation in Mitosis

The separation of chromatids in mitosis occurs during the anaphase stage. In anaphase, the sister chromatids, which are identical copies of each other, separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes [[5]].

Non-Cellular Form of Life

The non-cellular form of life is represented by viruses. Viruses are infectious agents that consist of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material, either DNA or RNA. Unlike cells, viruses cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes on their own. They require a host cell to replicate and cause infections [[6]].

Result of Fertilization

Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote. The zygote is the initial cell formed when the sperm and egg fuse during sexual reproduction. It contains a diploid set of chromosomes, which means it has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent [[7]].

Disease Resulting from Genetic Mutation

One example of a human disease resulting from a genetic mutation is sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. This mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin, causing the red blood cells to become sickle-shaped and prone to blockages in blood vessels [[8]].

Variation in Milk Yield among Cows of the Same Breed

The variation in milk yield among cows of the same breed in different conditions is an example of genetic variation. Genetic variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals within a population due to genetic factors. In this case, different cows may have variations in their genetic makeup that influence their milk production potential [[9]].

Driving Forces of Evolution

The driving forces of evolution that lead to the adaptation of living organisms to their environment include:

1. Natural selection: Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to the next generation. This leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits in a population over time [[10]].

2. Artificial selection: Artificial selection, also known as selective breeding, is the intentional breeding of plants or animals by humans to develop desired traits. This process mimics natural selection but is guided by human preferences or goals [[11]].

3. Mutation: Mutations are random changes in the genetic material of an organism. They introduce new genetic variations into a population, which can be acted upon by natural selection or artificial selection [[12]].

4. Genetic drift: Genetic drift refers to the random changes in gene frequencies within a population due to chance events. It is more pronounced in small populations and can lead to the loss or fixation of certain traits [[13]].

Evolutionary Outcomes

The outcomes of evolution include:

1. Formation of new species: Evolution can lead to the formation of new species through the accumulation of genetic changes over time. This occurs when populations become reproductively isolated and can no longer interbreed [[14]].

2. Diversification of existing species: Evolution can also result in the diversification of existing species into different varieties or subspecies. This occurs when populations adapt to different environments or niches, leading to the development of distinct traits [[15]].

3. Adaptation to the environment: Evolution allows organisms to adapt to their environment by acquiring traits that enhance their survival and reproduction. This can include physical, physiological, or behavioral adaptations [[16]].

4. Improvement of domesticated species: Through artificial selection, humans have been able to selectively breed domesticated species to enhance desirable traits, such as increased productivity or disease resistance [[17]].

Macroevolution

Macroevolution refers to large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods of time, resulting in the formation of new species and higher taxonomic groups. It involves the transformation of entire lineages and the emergence of novel characteristics. Examples of macroevolutionary events include the origin of major groups of organisms, such as mammals or flowering plants, and the diversification of these groups into various species [[18]].

Abiotic Factors

Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem that can influence the survival and distribution of organisms. Examples of abiotic factors include temperature, light intensity, water availability, soil composition, and air quality. These factors can directly or indirectly affect the growth, reproduction, and behavior of organisms [[19]].

Biosphere as an Open System

The biosphere is considered an open system because it exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings. It is interconnected with other Earth systems, such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The biosphere receives energy from the sun and cycles nutrients through various ecosystems. It also interacts with the atmosphere through processes like photosynthesis and respiration [[20]].

Organelles Involved in Photosynthesis

The organelles involved in photosynthesis are called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells and some protists. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures light energy, and other molecules necessary for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis [[21]].

Gametes with Different Alleles

Gametes with different alleles are referred to as heterozygous. Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a specific gene. When these gametes combine during fertilization, they contribute different alleles to the offspring, resulting in genetic variation [[22]].

Evolution Definition

Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations. It involves the accumulation of genetic variations through mutation, recombination, and natural selection, leading to the development of new species, adaptation to the environment, and the diversification of life forms [[23]].

Examples of Idioadaptation

An example of idioadaptation is the reduction of visual organs in cave-dwelling animals. In dark environments, visual organs become less useful, and organisms adapt by reducing or losing these organs over time. This adaptation allows them to allocate resources to other sensory systems or traits that are more beneficial in their specific environment [[24]].

Current Factors Causing Major Changes in the Biosphere

Currently, the major factors causing significant changes in the biosphere are anthropogenic (human-induced) factors. These include activities such as deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species. These factors have a profound impact on ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to the loss of species, habitat degradation, and disruptions in ecological processes [[25]].

Composition of Somatic Cells in Humans

Somatic cells in humans are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes. Each set is derived from one parent, with a total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). These cells make up the majority of the body's tissues and are responsible for carrying out various functions, such as growth, repair, and maintenance [[26]].

Please note that the information provided is based on search results and should be verified with additional sources if needed.