Question

1.Почему семена лучше обеспечивают размножение растений, чем споры?2.Почемуспоровыерастения ( мхи, папоротники, хвощи, плауны) произрастают только во влажных местах, а семенные (голосеменные и покрытосеменные) могут расти в засушливых местах?СРОЧНО НАДО СПОРНАЯ ОЦЕНКА 5/4

Answer 1

1. семена имеют запас питательных веществ в виде эндосперма, они гораздо устойчивее к различным неблагоприятным условиям, так же могут разноситься н далёкие расстояния животными, птицами 
2. всем споровым растениям для оплодотворения нужна вода ( сперматозоид может подплыть к яйцеклетке только в воде). голосеменны и покрытосеменные имею запас питательных веществ, им не нужна вожа для оплодаотворения, плюс они могут видоизменяться ( напрмер колючки -видоизменненые листья, как раз для того чтобы растение могло расти а пустынях скажем, уменьшается плоадь испарения, а также корень может углубляться под землю на 10 м в поиске влаги) 

Answer 2

Why do seeds provide better plant reproduction than spores?

Seeds are a more effective means of plant reproduction compared to spores for several reasons:

1. Protection: Seeds are enclosed within a protective seed coat, which helps safeguard them from harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, desiccation, and predation. This protective covering increases the chances of successful germination and establishment of new plants [[1]].

2. Nutrient reserves: Seeds contain a significant amount of stored nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which provide nourishment to the developing embryo during germination. This nutrient reserve allows seeds to survive and grow in unfavorable conditions, where spores may not have enough resources to support growth [[2]].

3. Dispersal: Seeds have various mechanisms for dispersal, such as wind, water, animals, or self-propulsion. This enables plants to colonize new habitats and expand their range. Spores, on the other hand, are typically dispersed by wind or water, but their dispersal range is generally more limited compared to seeds [[3]].

4. Genetic diversity: Seeds are the result of sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. This process promotes genetic diversity, as it allows for the recombination of genetic material from different individuals. Spores, on the other hand, are produced through asexual reproduction and do not contribute to genetic diversity in the same way [[4]].

In summary, seeds provide better plant reproduction than spores due to their protective covering, nutrient reserves, dispersal mechanisms, and contribution to genetic diversity.

Why do spore-bearing plants (mosses, ferns, horsetails, clubmosses) thrive only in moist environments, while seed-bearing plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) can grow in arid conditions?

Spore-bearing plants, such as mosses, ferns, horsetails, and clubmosses, are typically found in moist environments due to their reliance on water for reproduction. Here's why:

1. Water-dependent reproduction: Spores are produced by spore-bearing plants as a means of reproduction. These spores require water to swim to a suitable location, germinate, and develop into new plants. In moist environments, there is a higher likelihood of finding water for spore dispersal and germination [[5]].

2. Lack of protective structures: Spores lack protective coverings like seed coats, making them more susceptible to desiccation. In dry environments, spores may quickly lose their viability and fail to germinate. Moist environments provide the necessary humidity for spores to remain viable and successfully establish new plants [[6]].

Seed-bearing plants, including gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, ginkgoes) and angiosperms (flowering plants), have adaptations that allow them to thrive in arid conditions:

1. Seed dormancy: Seeds have the ability to enter a state of dormancy, which allows them to withstand periods of drought or unfavorable conditions. This dormancy mechanism enables seeds to remain viable until conditions become more favorable for germination and growth [[7]].

2. Reduced water loss: Seed coats provide a protective barrier against desiccation, reducing water loss from the embryo inside. Additionally, seed-bearing plants often have specialized structures, such as cuticles and stomata, that help regulate water loss through transpiration [[8]].

3. Efficient water uptake: Seed-bearing plants have evolved efficient root systems that can extract water from the soil, even in arid conditions. This enables them to access water resources that may be unavailable to spore-bearing plants [[9]].

In conclusion, spore-bearing plants thrive in moist environments due to their water-dependent reproduction and lack of protective structures, while seed-bearing plants have adaptations that allow them to grow in arid conditions, including seed dormancy, reduced water loss, and efficient water uptake.

Note: The spore-bearing plants mentioned in the question are mosses, ferns, horsetails, and clubmosses.