Question

Процесс образования новых подвидов и видов называется

Answer 1

Данный процесс называется микроэволюцией. Характеризуется распространением   среди организмов популяции  малыми изменениями , которые накапливаются и ведут в итоге  к видообразованию.

Answer 2

The Process of Speciation

The process of forming new subspecies and species is called speciation. Speciation occurs when populations of a single species become reproductively isolated from each other, leading to the development of distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics.

Reproductive Isolation

Reproductive isolation can occur through various mechanisms, including geographic isolation, ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, and genetic isolation. These mechanisms prevent gene flow between populations, allowing genetic differences to accumulate over time.

- Geographic isolation occurs when populations are physically separated by geographic barriers such as mountains, rivers, or oceans. This isolation prevents individuals from different populations from mating and exchanging genetic material. - Ecological isolation happens when populations occupy different ecological niches within the same geographic area. They may have different preferences for habitat, food sources, or mating behaviors, which reduces the likelihood of interbreeding. - Behavioral isolation occurs when individuals from different populations have different courtship rituals, mating calls, or other behaviors that prevent them from recognizing each other as potential mates. - Genetic isolation can result from genetic changes within populations that make individuals unable to produce viable offspring with individuals from other populations.

Divergence and Adaptation

Once populations become reproductively isolated, they can start to diverge genetically and phenotypically. This divergence is driven by various factors, including natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation.

- Natural selection favors individuals with traits that are advantageous in their specific environment. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to adaptation to the local conditions. - Genetic drift refers to random changes in the frequency of certain genetic traits within a population. This can occur due to chance events, such as the founder effect or genetic bottlenecks, and can lead to the fixation of certain traits in a population. - Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. New mutations can arise and spread within populations, leading to the accumulation of genetic differences between populations over time.

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium

The process of speciation can occur gradually over long periods of time or in rapid bursts. Two main models describe the pace of speciation:

- Gradualism suggests that speciation occurs through a slow and steady accumulation of genetic changes over time. This model implies a continuous transition from one species to another. - Punctuated equilibrium proposes that speciation occurs relatively quickly in short bursts of rapid genetic change, followed by long periods of stability. This model suggests that species remain relatively unchanged for extended periods and then experience rapid diversification during speciation events.

Conclusion

In summary, the process of forming new subspecies and species is called speciation. It involves the development of reproductive isolation between populations, leading to genetic and phenotypic divergence. This process can occur gradually over time or in rapid bursts, depending on the specific circumstances.