Question

1)Какие типы пищеварения встречаются в пищеварительном тракте?-полостное-внутриклеточное-пристеночное2) Суточная норма воды...3) Из организма вода выводится через...4) В состав гормона щитовидной железы входит...5) В состав желудочного сока входит...6) В состав костей входит...7) Недостаток железа ведет к...8) Что такое закаливание?9) Элементы закаливания..10) Результат закаливания..11) Сколько времени своей жизни человек тратит на сон?-четверть-треть-половину12) Во время сна у человека активные жизненно важные процессы..-замедляются-убыстряются-нормализуются13) У спящего человека..-условные рефлексы активизированы-увеличивается величина кровяного давления-снижена кожная чувствительность14) Сновидения связаны...-с фазой медленного сна-с фазой быстрого сна-с состоянием глубокого сна15) Во время сна у человека...-теряется контакт с окружающим миром-повышается кровяное давление-дыхание урежается

Answer 1

2) 1.5 литра

3) мочеиспускательные пути.

4) глюкоген

5) пепсин

6) хрящевая ткань

7) малокровью

8) приспособления организма к разным условиям окружающей среды

9)водная, тепловое, воздушное.

10) усиления работы иммунной системы

11)треть

12)замедляются

13)1

14)быстрого сна

15)дыхание реже

Answer 2

Types of Digestion in the Digestive Tract

The digestive tract utilizes three types of digestion: intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, and intraluminal digestion. - Intracellular digestion occurs within the cells of the digestive system. It involves the breakdown of food particles inside specialized cells, such as in the stomach lining or the lining of the small intestine. - Extracellular digestion takes place outside the cells. It involves the secretion of digestive enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract, where they break down food particles into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. - Intraluminal digestion refers to the breakdown of food particles within the lumen of the digestive tract, primarily through the action of digestive enzymes secreted by various organs, such as the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine [[1]].

Daily Water Requirement

The daily water requirement varies depending on factors such as age, sex, body weight, physical activity, and climate. However, a general guideline for adults is to consume about 2 to 3 liters (or about 8 to 12 cups) of water per day. This includes water obtained from beverages and food. It is important to note that individual water needs may vary, and it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations [[2]].

Elimination of Water from the Body

Water is eliminated from the body through various routes, including urine, sweat, feces, and respiration. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating water balance by filtering waste products and excess water from the blood to form urine. Sweat is another important route of water elimination, helping to cool the body and maintain temperature. Additionally, a small amount of water is lost through feces and respiration [[3]].

Components of Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid hormones, produced by the thyroid gland, consist of two main components: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and contain iodine atoms. Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body [[4]].

Components of Gastric Juice

Gastric juice, secreted by the gastric glands in the stomach, is composed of several components, including: - Hydrochloric acid (HCl): This strong acid helps to break down food, activate digestive enzymes, and kill bacteria that may be present in food. - Pepsinogen: This inactive enzyme is converted into pepsin, which helps to break down proteins into smaller peptides. - Mucus: Mucus protects the stomach lining from the corrosive effects of gastric acid. - Intrinsic factor: This protein is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine [[5]].

Components of Bones

Bones are complex structures composed of various components, including: - Minerals: Bones contain minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, which provide strength and rigidity. - Collagen: Collagen is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility and resilience to bones. - Bone cells: Bones are made up of different types of cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, which are involved in bone formation, remodeling, and maintenance. - Bone marrow: Bone marrow is a soft tissue found within the hollow spaces of bones. It is responsible for the production of blood cells [[6]].

Consequences of Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency can lead to various health consequences, including: - Anemia: Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron deficiency can result in iron-deficiency anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. - Impaired cognitive function: Iron deficiency has been associated with impaired cognitive function, including difficulties with attention, memory, and learning. - Weakened immune system: Iron plays a role in immune function, and deficiency can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. - Delayed growth and development: Iron is necessary for normal growth and development, and deficiency during critical periods can lead to delayed growth and developmental delays in children [[7]].

Definition of Hardening (Zakalivanie)

Zakalivanie, also known as hardening or tempering, refers to the process of gradually exposing the body to various stressors, such as cold water, cold air, or physical exercise, in order to increase its resistance to stress and improve overall health. It is believed that regular exposure to controlled stressors can stimulate the body's adaptive responses, leading to increased resilience and improved immune function [[8]].

Elements of Hardening (Zakalivanie)

The elements of hardening typically include: - Cold water exposure: This can involve activities such as cold showers, swimming in cold water, or cold water immersions. - Cold air exposure: This can involve spending time in cold environments or practicing outdoor activities in cold weather. - Physical exercise: Regular physical exercise, including activities such as jogging, swimming, or strength training, is often incorporated into hardening practices. - Gradual progression: Hardening is typically done gradually, starting with milder stressors and gradually increasing the intensity or duration over time [[9]].

Results of Hardening (Zakalivanie)

The results of hardening can vary depending on individual factors and the specific practices followed. However, some potential benefits of hardening may include: - Improved immune function: Regular exposure to controlled stressors may stimulate the immune system, leading to increased resistance to infections and improved overall immune function. - Increased tolerance to cold: Hardening practices involving cold exposure can help improve the body's ability to tolerate cold temperatures. - Enhanced stress resilience: Hardening may improve the body's ability to cope with stress and adapt to various stressors, both physical and psychological. - Improved circulation and cardiovascular health: Cold exposure and physical exercise involved in hardening practices can have positive effects on circulation and cardiovascular health [[10]].

Amount of Time Spent on Sleep

On average, a person spends about one-third of their life sleeping. This means that if a person lives to be 75 years old, they would have spent approximately 25 years asleep. However, it is important to note that individual sleep needs can vary, and factors such as age, lifestyle, and health can influence the amount of sleep required by an individual [[11]].

Active Processes During Sleep

During sleep, several important physiological processes occur: - Brain activity: While asleep, the brain remains active and undergoes various stages of sleep, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. These stages are associated with different patterns of brain activity and are important for memory consolidation, learning, and overall brain health. - Tissue repair and growth: Sleep is essential for the repair and growth of tissues throughout the body. During sleep, the body releases growth hormone, which promotes tissue repair and regeneration. - Hormone regulation: Sleep plays a role in regulating hormone levels, including those involved in appetite regulation, metabolism, and stress response. - Memory consolidation: Sleep is crucial for the consolidation of memories and the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory storage [[12]].

Changes in a Sleeping Person

During sleep, several changes occur in a sleeping person: - Activation of conditional reflexes: While asleep, conditional reflexes, which are learned responses to specific stimuli, are generally not activated. This means that a sleeping person is less likely to respond to external stimuli in the same way they would when awake. - Decreased blood pressure: During sleep, blood pressure tends to decrease, which is part of the body's natural circadian rhythm. - Reduced skin sensitivity: Skin sensitivity tends to decrease during sleep, which can make a person less responsive to touch or other sensory stimuli [[13]].

Relationship Between Dreams and Sleep Phases

Dreams are most commonly associated with the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phase. During REM sleep, brain activity increases, and vivid dreams often occur. However, dreams can also occur during other sleep stages, although they may be less vivid and memorable. Dreams are thought to play a role in memory consolidation, emotional processing, and creativity [[14]].

Changes in Contact with the Surrounding World During Sleep

During sleep, a person's contact with the surrounding world is significantly reduced. While asleep, individuals are generally not aware of their surroundings and do not actively interact with the external environment. This reduced contact with the surrounding world is a normal part of the sleep process [[15]].