Question

1)Определите вирусы, относящиеся к ДНК-содержащим: а)бактериофаг Т4 б)вирус табачной мозаики в)вирус иммунодефицита человека г)вирус герпеса 2)Отметьте вирусы, в распространении которых учавствуют животные (насекомые, клещи или круглые черви) а)вирус гриппа б)вирус табачной мозаики в)вирус клещевого энцефалита г)вирус герпеса 3)Назовите вирусы-паразиты клеток человека: а)вирус огуречной мозаики б)вирус клещевого энцефалита в)вирус табачной мозаики г)вирус герпеса Сравните признаки, присущие прионам,вирусам,клеткам прокариот и эукариот(соединить буквы с цифрами). Одно видимо лишнее. а) Вирусы б) Прионы в) Клетки прокариот г) Клетки эукариот 1-состоят лишь из молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты 2-содержат нуклеоид 3-содержат эндоплазматическую сетку 4-состоят из белков и молекулы нуклеиновой кислоты 5-состоят лишь из белковой молекулы СРОЧНООООООО

Answer 1

1)г,в
2)в
3)б,г
4)а-4 б3 в2 г5

Answer 2

Viruses that contain DNA:

a) Bacteriophage T4: Bacteriophage T4 is a virus that infects bacteria. It has a double-stranded DNA genome and is a member of the T-even bacteriophages [[1]].

b) Tobacco mosaic virus: The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a plant virus that contains a single-stranded RNA genome. However, it is worth noting that TMV was the first virus to be discovered and characterized, and at that time, the nature of its genetic material was not known. It was later determined that TMV has a single-stranded RNA genome [[2]].

c) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): HIV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as its genetic material. Upon infection, it converts its RNA genome into DNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase [[3]].

d) Herpes simplex virus: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that causes oral and genital herpes. It has a double-stranded DNA genome and belongs to the family Herpesviridae [[4]].

Viruses spread by animals (insects, ticks, or roundworms):

a) Influenza virus: Influenza viruses are RNA viruses that primarily infect birds and mammals, including humans. They are spread through respiratory droplets and can be transmitted by animals such as birds and pigs [[5]].

b) Tobacco mosaic virus: As mentioned earlier, the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a plant virus and is not spread by animals.

c) Tick-borne encephalitis virus: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a virus transmitted by ticks. It belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has a single-stranded RNA genome [[6]].

d) Herpes simplex virus: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals, including sexual contact. While animals can carry the virus, they are not the primary mode of transmission [[4]].

Viruses that are parasites of human cells:

a) Cucumber mosaic virus: The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a plant virus and does not infect human cells.

b) Tick-borne encephalitis virus: As mentioned earlier, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) primarily infects animals and is not a parasite of human cells.

c) Tobacco mosaic virus: As mentioned earlier, the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a plant virus and does not infect human cells.

d) Herpes simplex virus: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that infects human cells, causing oral and genital herpes. It establishes a latent infection in nerve cells and can reactivate periodically [[4]].

Comparing characteristics of prions, viruses, prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic cells:

a) Viruses: Viruses are infectious agents that consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They are obligate intracellular parasites and require a host cell to replicate. Viruses do not have cellular structures or organelles and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own.

b) Prions: Prions are infectious proteins that can cause neurodegenerative diseases. They do not contain genetic material and are composed solely of misfolded proteins. Prions can induce normal proteins to adopt the abnormal conformation, leading to the spread of the disease.

c) Prokaryotic cells: Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have a simple cellular structure and include bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells have a circular DNA molecule called a nucleoid and lack a well-defined endoplasmic reticulum.

d) Eukaryotic cells: Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They include plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA molecules organized into chromosomes within the nucleus and possess a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum.

Comparing the characteristics: 1) Viruses consist only of a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA) and lack cellular structures [[7]]. 2) Prions do not contain nucleic acids and are composed solely of misfolded proteins [[8]]. 3) Prokaryotic cells lack an endoplasmic reticulum, which is a membrane-bound organelle involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism [[9]]. 4) Viruses consist of both proteins and nucleic acids [[7]]. 5) Eukaryotic cells consist of proteins and have a well-defined endoplasmic reticulum [[10]].

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