Question

Виды рефлексов.Примеры этих рефлексов

Answer 1

Условные - рефлексы преобретенные в течении жизни, как у собаки команда "Голос" "Сидеть" и.т.д
Безусловные - рефлексы имеющиеся на момент рождения - сосать молоко матери.

Answer 2

Types of Reflexes

Reflexes are involuntary, automatic responses to specific stimuli. They are essential for our survival and help protect our bodies from harm. There are several types of reflexes, including:

1. Spinal Reflexes: These reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord and do not involve the brain. They are rapid and occur without conscious thought. Examples of spinal reflexes include the knee-jerk reflex and the withdrawal reflex when touching something hot or sharp.

2. Cranial Reflexes: These reflexes involve the brainstem and cranial nerves. They are more complex than spinal reflexes and can involve multiple muscle groups. Examples of cranial reflexes include the pupillary reflex, which controls the size of the pupils in response to light, and the gag reflex, which protects the airway by triggering a cough when the back of the throat is stimulated.

3. Autonomic Reflexes: These reflexes regulate the body's internal functions and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. They help maintain homeostasis by controlling processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. Examples of autonomic reflexes include the pupillary light reflex, which adjusts the size of the pupils in response to changes in light intensity, and the baroreceptor reflex, which regulates blood pressure.

4. Conditioned Reflexes: Also known as learned reflexes, these reflexes are acquired through experience and conditioning. They involve the association of a previously neutral stimulus with a specific response. A classic example of a conditioned reflex is Pavlov's dogs, where the dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food and would salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

Examples of Reflexes

Here are some examples of reflexes:

1. Knee-Jerk Reflex: When a doctor taps the tendon just below the kneecap, the leg automatically extends due to the stimulation of the stretch reflex in the quadriceps muscle.

2. Withdrawal Reflex: When you accidentally touch something hot, your hand quickly pulls away from the heat source without conscious thought. This reflex helps protect your body from injury.

3. Pupillary Reflex: When exposed to bright light, the pupils of the eyes constrict to reduce the amount of light entering the eye. Conversely, in dim light, the pupils dilate to allow more light in. These changes in pupil size are controlled by the pupillary reflex.

4. Gag Reflex: When the back of the throat is stimulated, such as by touching it with a tongue depressor, the muscles of the throat contract, triggering a cough or gag reflex. This reflex helps protect the airway from foreign objects.

5. Pavlovian Conditioning: In Pavlov's famous experiment, he conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food. Initially, the bell had no effect on the dogs, but after repeatedly pairing the bell with food, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even in the absence of food.

These are just a few examples of the many reflexes that occur in the human body. Reflexes are important for our survival and help us respond quickly to potential threats or changes in our environment.