Question

Биологические факторы и их роль в антропогенезе (таблица)Анатомо-морфофизиологические |Их роль в антропогенезе и физиологические преобразования |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------s образная профильная форма | позвоночника уплотненная в спинно-|брюшном направлении,грудная клет |ка | расширение таза и уплотнение крест|ца | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Выпрямление нижних конечностей в| коленном суставе; развитее ягодичн|ых и голенных мышц; усиление перв|ого пальца ноги; развитие свода сто|пы |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Освобождение верхних конечностей| от функции опоры |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Перемещение затылочного отверст|ия черепа к центру его основания; | развитие мозгового отдела черепа; | относительная редукция челюстно |го аппарата и жевательной мускулат|уры | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer 1

-s-образная форма позвоночника позволила пружинить и быть гибким при вертикальном положении. 

-расширение таза и уплотнение крестца при вертикальном положении центр тяжести опустился ближе к тазу, и внутренние органы тоже, таз поддерживает внутренние органы вертикально стоящего человека.

-Ягодичные мышцы отводят ногу назад и помогают в ходьбе

-свод стопы - пружинящая походка на двух конечностях. Четвероногие животные плоскостопые

-усиление первого пальца стопы - при правильной походке на двух конечностях

-Освобождение верхних конечностей позволило трудиться руками

-развитие мозгового отдела черепа - мыслительная деятельность

 -редукция челюстного аппарата и жевательной мускулатуры произошла потому, что человек стал жевать вареную пищу, более мягкую                                                        

 

           

Answer 2

Biological Factors and Their Role in Anthropogenesis

Biological factors play a crucial role in the process of anthropogenesis, which refers to the development and evolution of humans. These factors encompass various anatomical, physiological, and morphological changes that have occurred throughout human history. Let's explore some of these factors and their significance in the context of anthropogenesis.

Anatomical and Morphological Transformations

1. S-shaped profile of the spine: The human spine has an S-shaped profile, with the vertebral column being denser in the spinal-abdominal direction. This adaptation allows for an upright posture and bipedal locomotion, which are distinctive features of humans [[1]].

2. Expansion of the thoracic cage: The thoracic cage, or the ribcage, has expanded in humans compared to other primates. This expansion provides more space for the lungs, allowing for increased respiratory capacity and improved endurance during physical activities [[2]].

3. Pelvic widening and sacralization: The human pelvis has undergone changes to accommodate bipedal locomotion and childbirth. The widening of the pelvis and the sacralization of the sacrum contribute to the successful delivery of larger-brained infants [[3]].

Physiological Transformations

1. Straightening of the lower limbs: Humans have a straightened lower limb posture, particularly at the knee joint. This adaptation allows for efficient bipedal locomotion and reduces energy expenditure during walking and running [[4]].

2. Development of gluteal and calf muscles: The muscles in the buttocks (gluteal muscles) and calves (gastrocnemius muscles) have become more developed in humans. These muscles play a crucial role in maintaining an upright posture and providing power for walking and running [[5]].

3. Strengthening of the first toe: The first toe, or the big toe, has become stronger and more robust in humans. This adaptation enhances balance and stability during walking and running [[6]].

4. Development of the foot arch: Humans have developed a longitudinal arch in their feet, known as the foot arch or the plantar arch. This arch acts as a shock absorber and provides flexibility and stability during locomotion [[7]].

Cranial Transformations

1. Relocation of the foramen magnum: The foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes, has shifted towards the center of the skull base in humans. This change is associated with the upright posture and the repositioning of the head on top of the vertebral column [[8]].

2. Expansion of the cranial vault: The cranial vault, which houses the brain, has expanded in humans compared to other primates. This expansion is linked to the increased size and complexity of the human brain [[9]].

3. Relative reduction of the jaw apparatus: Humans have experienced a reduction in the size and strength of the jaw apparatus, including the jaw muscles and the jawbone. This reduction is related to changes in diet and the development of tools for food processing [[10]].

These anatomical, physiological, and cranial transformations have played a significant role in the evolution of humans and their ability to adapt to various environments. They have contributed to the unique characteristics and capabilities of the human species.

Please note that the information provided above is based on search results and should be verified with additional sources.

Let me know if there's anything else I can help#### Biological Factors and Their Role in Anthropogenesis

Biological factors play a crucial role in anthropogenesis, which refers to the process of human evolution and the development of human characteristics. These factors include anatomical, morphological, physiological, and genetic changes that have occurred over time. Let's explore some of these factors and their role in anthropogenesis:

Anatomical and Morphological Changes

1. Spine: The human spine has a unique S-shaped profile, with the vertebral column being denser in the anterior-posterior direction. This adaptation allows for an upright posture and bipedal locomotion [[1]].

2. Chest: The human chest has expanded to accommodate the increased size of the lungs, enabling efficient respiration during physical activity [[2]].

3. Pelvis: The human pelvis has undergone changes to facilitate bipedal locomotion and childbirth. It has become wider and more robust, allowing for the support of internal organs and the birthing process [[3]].

4. Lower Limbs: The human lower limbs have undergone significant changes. The knee joint has straightened, allowing for efficient walking and running. The development of the gluteal and calf muscles has contributed to improved locomotion. Additionally, the first toe has become more developed, aiding in balance and propulsion during walking [[4]].

Physiological Transformations

1. Upper Limbs: The human upper limbs have been freed from the function of weight-bearing, allowing for greater dexterity and the development of fine motor skills. This has facilitated tool use and the advancement of technology [[5]].

2. Skull: The human skull has undergone several changes. The position of the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, has shifted towards the center of the skull's base. This change is associated with the development of the brain and the expansion of the cranial vault. The relative reduction of the jaw apparatus and chewing musculature has also occurred [[6]].

Conclusion

Biological factors have played a significant role in anthropogenesis, shaping the anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics of humans. These changes have allowed for upright posture, efficient locomotion, increased brain size, and the development of fine motor skills. It is important to note that these factors are interconnected and have occurred over millions of years through the process of natural selection and genetic adaptation.

Please note that the information provided is based on search results and should be verified with additional sources if needed.