Question

4) Каковы различия в строении пищеварительной, дыхательной, кровеносной и нервной систем млекопитающих и пресмыкающихся? 5) Какие стадии развития проходит зародыш млекопитающих? Что это доказывает? 6) Назовите факторы, влияющие на зародыш млекопитающего, когда он находится в матке. Почему живорождение — наиболее прогресивный способ размножения? 7) Каковы доказательства происхождения млекопитающих от древних пресмыкающихся? 8) Назовите среды жизни млекопитающих. Какие наиболее характерные особенности организации зверей, связанные с каждой из этих сред? 9) Охарактеризуйте наиболее важных домашних и промысловых млекопитающих. Какое значение они имеют для человека?

Answer 1

4)млекопитающие КС:теплокровны, 4 камерное сердце,ДС:дыхание с помощью диафрагмы; ПС-измеьчение,переваривание пищи,всасывание пит.веществ в кровь;нет клоакиНС-1)более развит головной мозг2)спинной  мозг 3) нервы (управление движениями,безусловные и условные рефлексы,восприятиеи проведение сигналов . Пресмыкающиеся:КС-3 камерное сердце, в желудочке появл не полная перегородка,кровь смешанная ДС-реберный тип дыхания ПС:есть клоака НС-5 отделов головного мозга,

Answer 2

Differences in the Structure of the Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Nervous Systems in Mammals and Reptiles

The differences in the structure of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems in mammals and reptiles are significant and contribute to their distinct physiological characteristics.

Digestive System: Mammals typically have a more complex digestive system compared to reptiles. Mammals have a specialized stomach with different regions for chemical and mechanical digestion, while reptiles generally have a simpler stomach with less differentiation. Additionally, mammals have a longer small intestine relative to body size, allowing for more efficient nutrient absorption .

Respiratory System: Mammals have a more efficient respiratory system compared to reptiles. Mammals have a diaphragm, which allows for more efficient breathing, while reptiles rely on rib movements to facilitate lung ventilation. Mammals also have a more complex system of air sacs, allowing for a more continuous flow of air through the lungs .

Circulatory System: Mammals have a four-chambered heart, which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood more effectively than the three-chambered heart of reptiles. This allows for a more efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues in mammals. Additionally, mammals have a more extensive network of blood vessels, including capillaries, which facilitates efficient exchange of gases and nutrients .

Nervous System: Mammals have a more developed cerebral cortex and a larger brain relative to body size compared to reptiles. This allows for more complex cognitive functions and behaviors in mammals. Additionally, the peripheral nervous system in mammals is more specialized, allowing for finer control of movements and sensory perception .

Stages of Development of Mammalian Embryos and Their Significance

Mammalian embryos go through several stages of development, including cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis. These stages demonstrate the intricate and highly regulated process of embryonic development in mammals, leading to the formation of specialized tissues and organs. The significance of these stages lies in the establishment of the body plan and the development of specialized structures necessary for postnatal life .

Factors Affecting the Mammalian Embryo in the Uterus and the Significance of Viviparity

Several factors can influence the development of the mammalian embryo when it is in the uterus, including maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, and the uterine environment. Viviparity, or live birth, is the most progressive method of reproduction due to the increased control over the embryo's development and protection from external environmental factors. This method allows for more extensive prenatal care and ensures the survival of offspring in diverse habitats .

Evidence of the Origin of Mammals from Ancient Reptiles

The evidence of the origin of mammals from ancient reptiles is supported by fossil records, comparative anatomy, and molecular studies. Fossil records show transitional forms with characteristics of both reptiles and mammals, providing a clear evolutionary link. Comparative anatomy reveals similarities in skeletal structures, indicating a common ancestry. Molecular studies also support the evolutionary relationship between mammals and reptiles through genetic similarities and shared evolutionary patterns .

Habitats of Mammals and Their Characteristic Organizational Features

Mammals inhabit a wide range of environments, including terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial habitats. Each habitat presents unique challenges, leading to characteristic organizational features in mammals. For example, terrestrial mammals often have specialized limbs for running, climbing, or digging, while aquatic mammals have streamlined bodies and limbs modified for swimming. Aerial mammals, such as bats, have wings adapted for flight. These adaptations reflect the specific demands of each habitat on mammalian species .

Characteristics of Important Domestic and Game Mammals and Their Significance for Humans

Important domestic mammals, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs, provide essential resources for humans, including meat, milk, and wool. They also play a crucial role in agricultural economies and food production. Game mammals, such as deer and rabbits, are important for recreational hunting and wildlife management. Both domestic and game mammals contribute to human livelihoods, cultural practices, and ecological balance, highlighting their significance for humans .