Question

доклад на тему биомасса

Answer 1

Биомасса – общее количество живого вещества в некоторой экосистеме. 
Количество биомассы определяется по весу вещества живых организмов. Абсолютная величина биомассы современных организмов земного шара может быть определена очень приближенно. Так, например, вес живых организмов Мирового океана равна примерно 16 миллиардов тонн, организмов суши – приблизительно 6 триллионов тонн. 
Ежегодно прирост биомассы в мире оценивается в 200 млрд. т в пересчете на сухое вещество, что энергетически эквивалентно 80 млрд. т нефти. Одним из источников биомассы являются леса. При переработке древесины 3-4 млрд. т составляют отходы, энергетический эквивалент которых составляет 1,1-1,2 млрд. т нефти. Мировая потребность в энергии составляет только 12% энергии ежегодного мирового прироста биомассы. Доля и количество биомассы, используемой для получения энергии постоянно снижается, что можно объяснить сравнительно низкой теплотой сгорания биомассы, вследствие высокого содержания в ней воды. 

Answer 2

Biomass: An Overview

Biomass refers to organic matter derived from plants and animals that can be used as a source of energy. It is a renewable energy source that can be converted into various forms of energy, such as heat, electricity, and biofuels. Biomass can be derived from a variety of sources, including agricultural residues, forestry waste, dedicated energy crops, and organic waste materials.

Types of Biomass

There are several types of biomass that can be used for energy production:

1. Wood and Wood Residues: Wood biomass is one of the most commonly used forms of biomass. It includes logs, branches, sawdust, and wood chips. Wood residues from forestry and wood processing industries are also used as biomass.

2. Agricultural Residues: Biomass can be derived from agricultural residues such as crop residues (e.g., corn stalks, wheat straw), animal manure, and agricultural processing waste.

3. Energy Crops: Certain crops, known as energy crops, are specifically grown for biomass production. These crops include switchgrass, miscanthus, and fast-growing trees like willow and poplar.

4. Organic Waste: Biomass can also be obtained from organic waste materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and landfill gas.

Uses of Biomass

Biomass can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Heat and Power Generation: Biomass can be burned to produce heat and steam, which can then be used for heating buildings or generating electricity through steam turbines.

2. Biofuels: Biomass can be converted into liquid or gaseous biofuels, such as biodiesel and biogas, which can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels in transportation and other applications.

3. Bioproducts: Biomass can be used to produce a wide range of bioproducts, including bioplastics, biochemicals, and bio-based materials.

Benefits of Biomass

There are several benefits associated with the use of biomass:

1. Renewable and Sustainable: Biomass is a renewable energy source as it can be replenished through natural processes. It also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

2. Waste Management: Biomass can be derived from organic waste materials, providing an opportunity for waste management and reducing landfill waste.

3. Local Economic Development: Biomass production and utilization can contribute to local economic development by creating jobs in the biomass supply chain and supporting rural communities.

4. Carbon Neutrality: When biomass is used for energy production, the carbon dioxide released during combustion is offset by the carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during their growth, making it a carbon-neutral energy source.

Challenges and Considerations

While biomass has several advantages, there are also challenges and considerations associated with its use:

1. Resource Availability: The availability and sustainability of biomass resources need to be carefully managed to ensure long-term viability and prevent negative environmental impacts.

2. Efficiency and Emissions: The efficiency of biomass conversion technologies and the emissions associated with biomass combustion need to be carefully monitored and optimized to minimize environmental impacts.

3. Competition with Food Production: The use of biomass for energy production should not compete with food production or lead to the conversion of valuable agricultural land.

4. Logistics and Infrastructure: Biomass supply chains require proper logistics and infrastructure for collection, transportation, and storage of biomass feedstocks.

In conclusion, biomass is a versatile and renewable energy source that can be derived from various organic materials. It has the potential to contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon energy system. However, careful management and consideration of the challenges associated with biomass utilization are necessary to ensure its long-term viability and environmental sustainability.