Question

Запитання для самоконтролю Оцінка 1 Що таке вентиляцiя легень? 2. Назвіть дихальні рухи людини. 3 Що таке газо- обмін у легенях. Що таке газообмiн у тканинах: 5. Як відбувається транспорт газів кров'ю? 6. Назвіть сполуку крові, що є основним переносником кисню. 7-9 10-12 РЕЗУЛЬТАТ б 7. Як відбувається вентиляція легень? 8. Чим відрізняється обмін газів у легенях від газообміну в тканинах? 9. У чому полягають особливостi транспорту дихаль- них газiв кров'ю? 10. Доведіть на конкретних прикладах уплив навколишнього середовища на ди- хання й дихальну систему.​

Answer 1

Ответ:

1. Вентиляція легень - це процес обміну повітрям між легенями та зовнішнім середовищем, де вихідний повітряний вплив та витягнутий витяг зовнішнього повітря через дихальні шляхи.

2. Дихальні рухи людини включають вдих (вдихання) і видих (видихання).

3. Газообмін у легенях - це процес, при якому кисень зовнішнього повітря потрапляє в кров через альвеоли (пухлини у легенях), а вуглекислий газ з крові виділяється в зовнішнє середовище.

4. Газообмін у тканинах - це процес, за якого кисень, переноситься кров'ю з легень, передається тканинам, де він споживається клітинами, і вуглекислий газ, утворений клітинами, переноситься назад у кров.

5. Транспорт газів кров'ю відбувається за допомогою червоних кров'яних тілець (еритроцитів), які містять гемоглобін - основний переносник кисню.

6. Гемоглобін є основним переносником кисню в крові.

7. Вентиляція легень відбувається завдяки м'язам дихальних шляхів, які розширюються під час вдиху і стискаються під час видиху.

8. Газообмін у легенях відбувається між альвеолами та капілярами, тоді як газообмін у тканинах відбувається між кров'ю та клітинами тканин.

9. Особливості транспорту дихальних газів кров'ю включають співпрацю гемоглобіну з киснем та вуглекислим газом, а також регуляцію вентиляції легень.

10. Навколишнє середовище може впливати на дихання та дихальну систему через забруднення повітря, алергени, тютюновий дим, та інші фактори, що можуть спричинити респіраторні проблеми.

Answer 2

What is lung ventilation?

Lung ventilation refers to the process of breathing, which involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. It is the mechanism by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. The process of lung ventilation is essential for the exchange of gases between the respiratory system and the external environment.

What are the respiratory movements in humans?

Respiratory movements in humans refer to the various actions involved in the process of breathing. These movements include inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, causing the ribcage to expand. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, leading to a decrease in pressure, which allows air to enter the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribcage to move inward and the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. This increases the pressure in the lungs, forcing air out.

What is gas exchange in the lungs? What is gas exchange in the tissues?

Gas exchange in the lungs refers to the process by which oxygen from inhaled air is transferred into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is removed from the bloodstream and expelled from the body through exhalation. This exchange occurs in the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, where oxygen diffuses from the air into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Gas exchange in the tissues refers to the process by which oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body and carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product of cellular respiration, is removed from the cells and transported back to the lungs for exhalation. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs is pumped by the heart to the body's tissues through arteries. In the capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported back to the lungs.

How are gases transported by the blood?

Gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are transported by the blood in two main ways: through physical dissolution and by binding to molecules in the blood.

Oxygen is primarily transported by binding to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind to oxygen molecules in the lungs and release them in the tissues where oxygen is needed. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is transported in the blood in three forms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ions, which are then transported in the plasma.

What is the main carrier of oxygen in the blood?

The main carrier of oxygen in the blood is hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind to oxygen molecules in the lungs and transport them to the body's tissues where oxygen is needed. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to up to four oxygen molecules.

How does lung ventilation occur?

Lung ventilation occurs through a process called breathing, which involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribcage to expand. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, leading to a decrease in pressure, which allows air to enter the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribcage to move inward and the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. This increases the pressure in the lungs, forcing air out [[1]].

How does gas exchange in the lungs differ from gas exchange in the tissues?

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled. This process is facilitated by the thin walls of the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries.

In contrast, gas exchange in the tissues occurs between the capillaries and the cells of the body. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs is delivered to the tissues through arteries, and in the capillaries, oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood to be transported back to the lungs for exhalation.

What are the unique features of gas transport by the blood?

The transport of respiratory gases by the blood has several unique features. One of these features is the ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen based on the oxygen concentration in the surrounding tissues. Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen in the lungs, where oxygen concentration is high, allowing it to bind to oxygen molecules. In the tissues, where oxygen concentration is lower, hemoglobin releases oxygen, ensuring that oxygen is delivered to the cells where it is needed.

Another unique feature is the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions, which allows for efficient transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide produced by cells diffuses into the bloodstream and is converted into bicarbonate ions, which are transported in the plasma. This conversion helps maintain the pH balance of the blood.

How does the environment affect breathing and the respiratory system?

The environment can have a significant impact on breathing and the respiratory system. For example, exposure to high altitudes with lower oxygen levels can lead to increased respiratory rate and depth as the body tries to compensate for the reduced oxygen availability. Similarly, exposure to air pollution, such as smog or particulate matter, can irritate the respiratory system and lead to respiratory symptoms like coughing or difficulty breathing.

In addition, certain environmental factors can trigger respiratory conditions or exacerbate existing respiratory conditions. For instance, allergens like pollen or dust can trigger asthma attacks in individuals with asthma. Cold and dry air can also cause airway constriction and trigger symptoms in people with respiratory conditions.

It's important to note that individual responses to environmental factors can vary, and some individuals may be more sensitive to certain environmental triggers than others.