Question

Расскажите о методах селекции животных, растений,микроорганизмов?Помогите пожалуйста

Answer 1

Селе́кция (лат. selectio «выбирать») — наука о методах создания новых и улучшения существующих пород животных, сортов растений, штаммовмикроорганизмов. Селекция разрабатывает способы воздействия на растения и животных с целью изменения их наследственных качеств в нужном для человека направлении[1]. Селекцией называют также отрасль сельского хозяйства, занимающуюся выведением новых сортов и гибридовсельскохозяйственных культур и пород животных.

Answer 2

Methods of Animal Selection

Animal selection refers to the process of choosing and breeding animals with desirable traits to improve the overall quality of a population. There are several methods of animal selection, including:

1. Selective Breeding: Selective breeding involves choosing animals with desired traits and breeding them to pass on those traits to the next generation. This method has been used for centuries to improve traits such as size, productivity, disease resistance, and temperament in various animal species.

2. Artificial Insemination: Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique where semen from a male animal with desirable traits is collected and introduced into a female animal's reproductive tract without natural mating. AI allows breeders to use semen from superior males to improve the genetics of a population and increase the rate of genetic progress.

3. Embryo Transfer: Embryo transfer involves collecting embryos from genetically superior females and transferring them into recipient females for gestation and birth. This method allows breeders to produce offspring from genetically valuable animals without risking the health and productivity of the donor female.

4. Genetic Testing: Genetic testing is used to identify specific genes or markers associated with desirable traits in animals. By analyzing an animal's DNA, breeders can make informed decisions about which animals to select for breeding, improving the accuracy and efficiency of selection.

Methods of Plant Selection

Plant selection, also known as plant breeding, involves the deliberate manipulation of plant genetics to develop new varieties with improved traits. Some common methods of plant selection include:

1. Mass Selection: Mass selection involves selecting and breeding plants with desirable traits from a population. This method has been used for centuries and is particularly effective for traits controlled by multiple genes, such as yield, disease resistance, and quality.

2. Hybridization: Hybridization is the process of crossing two genetically different plants to produce offspring with desirable traits. This method allows breeders to combine the best traits from different parent plants and create new varieties with improved characteristics, such as increased yield or disease resistance.

3. Mutation Breeding: Mutation breeding involves exposing plants to radiation or chemicals to induce mutations in their DNA. Breeders then select and propagate plants with desirable mutations, such as improved yield or disease resistance. This method has been used to develop new crop varieties in various plant species.

4. Genetic Engineering: Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA to introduce or modify specific traits. This method allows breeders to introduce genes from unrelated organisms into plants, providing them with traits such as herbicide resistance, insect resistance, or improved nutritional content.

Methods of Microorganism Selection

Microorganism selection involves the identification and isolation of microorganisms with desirable traits for various applications, such as industrial processes, bioremediation, or the production of pharmaceuticals. Some common methods of microorganism selection include:

1. Screening: Screening involves testing large numbers of microorganisms for specific traits or activities. For example, in the search for new antibiotics, researchers may screen thousands of microorganisms to identify those that produce compounds with antimicrobial properties.

2. Genetic Modification: Genetic modification techniques, such as gene editing or genetic engineering, can be used to introduce or modify specific traits in microorganisms. This allows researchers to enhance desirable traits or introduce new capabilities into microorganisms for various applications.

3. Selective Culturing: Selective culturing involves creating specific growth conditions that favor the growth of microorganisms with desired traits while inhibiting the growth of others. This method is commonly used to isolate and propagate microorganisms with specific metabolic capabilities or tolerance to extreme conditions [[11]].

4. Metagenomics: Metagenomics involves studying the genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples, such as soil or water, to identify and characterize the microbial communities present. This method allows researchers to discover new microorganisms and their potential applications based on their genetic content [[12]].

These are just a few examples of the methods used for the selection of animals, plants, and microorganisms. The specific methods employed depend on the desired traits, the species being selected, and the goals of the selection program.