Question

Конспект на тему митохондрии пластиды клеточный центр органоиды движения клеточные включения ​

Answer 1

Ответ:

только у трокариот встречается органиоды пластины и мттохондрии.

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are responsible for producing the majority of the cell's energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, which allows them to produce some of their own proteins.

Mitochondria have a unique structure that consists of an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an intermembrane space between the two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase the surface area available for ATP production. The space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix, where many of the biochemical reactions of cellular respiration take place.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including metabolism, calcium signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are also involved in the synthesis of certain molecules, such as heme and steroid hormones.

Plastids

Plastids are another type of organelle found in plant cells and some protists. They are responsible for various functions, including photosynthesis, storage of pigments and starch, and synthesis of lipids and amino acids. Plastids are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

There are several types of plastids, each with its own specialized function. Chloroplasts are the most well-known type of plastid and are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. Other types of plastids include chromoplasts, which store pigments and give fruits and flowers their vibrant colors, and amyloplasts, which store starch.

Plastids can differentiate into different types depending on the needs of the cell. For example, when a plant cell is exposed to light, some of its plastids can transform into chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. Conversely, when a plant cell is deprived of light, chloroplasts can convert into other types of plastids or even break down.

Cell Nucleus

The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA. It is often referred to as the "control center" of the cell because it regulates gene expression and controls the cell's activities. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which contains nuclear pores that allow for the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Within the nucleus, the DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, which help compact the DNA and regulate gene expression. The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is involved in the production of ribosomes.

The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division, as it is responsible for the replication and distribution of the cell's genetic material during mitosis and meiosis. It also regulates the transcription and processing of RNA, which is essential for protein synthesis.

Cell Organelles

Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions. They are often referred to as the "organs" of the cell because they carry out specific tasks necessary for the cell's survival and function. In addition to mitochondria and plastids, other examples of organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Each organelle has its own unique structure and function. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, while the Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris, while peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.

Cell Inclusions

Cell inclusions are non-living substances that are present within cells. They can include various types of molecules, such as pigments, crystals, and storage materials. Cell inclusions are not considered organelles because they do not have a membrane or perform specific functions like organelles do.

Examples of cell inclusions include lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and pigment granules. Lipid droplets store fats and oils, glycogen granules store glucose for energy, and pigment granules store pigments that give cells color. These inclusions can vary in size, shape, and composition depending on the cell type and its specific needs.

Cell Movement

Cells can move in various ways, depending on their structure and function. Some cells, such as bacteria and sperm cells, have structures called flagella or cilia that allow them to move through fluids. Flagella are long, whip-like structures that propel the cell forward, while cilia are shorter and more numerous, creating a wave-like motion.

Other cells, such as muscle cells, can contract and relax to generate movement. Muscle cells contain specialized proteins called actin and myosin, which interact to produce muscle contractions. This allows for movements such as walking, running, and lifting objects.

Cells can also move through a process called amoeboid movement, which involves the extension and retraction of cellular protrusions called pseudopodia. This type of movement is observed in certain immune cells, such as white blood cells, as they migrate towards sites of infection or injury.

Conclusion

In summary, mitochondria and plastids are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play important roles in energy production, metabolism, and other cellular processes. The cell nucleus is another organelle that contains the cell's DNA and regulates gene expression. Organelles and cell inclusions perform specific functions within cells, while cells can move through various mechanisms such as flagella, cilia, muscle contractions, and amoeboid movement.