Question

Какие процессы происходят в хлоропластах и митохондриях клетки, ответьте пожалуйста.

Answer 1

Ответ:

хлоропласты содержат зеленый пигме Hт-хлорофил,они предают растениям з еленый цвет,учавствует в процессе фо Тосинтеза Митохондрии-обеспечивают клетку энергией,окисляет питательные вещес

Answer 2

Processes in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are two important organelles found in cells. They play crucial roles in energy production and metabolism. Let's explore the processes that occur in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. Here are the key processes that occur in chloroplasts:

1. Photosynthesis: Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle).

- Light-dependent reactions: These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. Light energy is used to split water molecules, releasing oxygen and generating energy-rich molecules (ATP and NADPH) that are used in the next stage.

- Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): These reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.

2. Starch and Sugar Synthesis: Chloroplasts also play a role in synthesizing and storing starch and sugars. Glucose produced during photosynthesis can be converted into starch for storage or used to produce other sugars needed for cellular processes.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells and are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Here are the key processes that occur in mitochondria:

1. Glycolysis: The process of cellular respiration begins with glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondria. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.

2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): After glycolysis, pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria and undergo the citric acid cycle. This cycle generates more ATP, NADH, and FADH2, as well as carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle enter the electron transport chain, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process involves a series of redox reactions that generate a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The final step of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The energy from the electrons passing through the electron transport chain is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

In summary, chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy, while mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration, generating ATP from glucose. These processes are essential for the survival and functioning of cells.