Question

Каково строение животной клетки?

Answer 1

Животная клетка покрыта плазматической мембраной, под которой находится цитоплазма, содержащая органоиды, и ядро. В отличие от клеток организмов других царств (растений, грибов, бактерий), животная клетка не имеет клеточной стенки. Цитоплазма представляет собой полужидкое вещество — гиалоплазму, в которую погружены органоиды, выполняющие разные жизненно важные функции. Органоидами . животной клетки являются митохондрии, эндоплазматическая сеть, аппарат Гольджи, лизосомы, рибосомы, клеточный центр. Эти органоиды имеются у любой животной клетки, поэтому их называют органоидами общего назначения. У некоторых высоко специализированных клеток имеются органоиды специального назначения: жгутики, реснички. 
Обязательной частью любой животной клетки является ядро. Оно контролирует все функции клетки, включая размножение. 

Answer 2

Structure of an Animal Cell

The structure of an animal cell is complex and consists of various components that work together to carry out the cell's functions. Here is a detailed overview of the main structures found in an animal cell:

1. Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and separates its internal environment from the external environment. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

2. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles. It provides a medium for cellular processes to occur.

3. Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material, DNA, which carries the instructions for cell growth, development, and reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus.

4. Mitochondria: Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and are involved in various metabolic processes.

5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and sacs that are involved in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins and lipids. There are two types of ER: rough ER, which has ribosomes attached to its surface, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes.

6. Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations within or outside the cell. It consists of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae.

7. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances, playing a crucial role in cellular recycling and defense against pathogens.

8. Centrioles: Centrioles are cylindrical structures involved in cell division. They play a role in organizing the microtubules that form the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.

9. Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps maintain the cell's shape. It also plays a role in cell movement, intracellular transport, and cell division.

10. Vacuoles: Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that store water, ions, nutrients, and waste materials. In plant cells, vacuoles are larger and play a role in maintaining turgor pressure, while in animal cells, they are smaller and more numerous.

11. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER. Ribosomes read the instructions encoded in mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.

12. Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes are involved in various metabolic processes, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances. They contain enzymes that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide.

It's important to note that the structure of a cell can vary depending on its type and function. Different cell types may have additional structures or variations in the structures mentioned above.