Question

Схарактеризуйте процес гліколізу. ​

Answer 1

Процес гліколізу характеризується тим, що глюкоза розщеплюються на піровиноградну кислоту, яка потрібна для кисневого етапу обміну речовин.

Answer 2

The Process of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic process that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. It is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Let's take a closer look at the process of glycolysis:

1. Glucose Activation: The process begins with the activation of glucose, which requires the input of two ATP molecules. Glucose is phosphorylated twice, forming glucose-6-phosphate and then fructose-6-phosphate.

2. Fructose-6-Phosphate Conversion: Fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate through the action of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). This step also requires the input of one ATP molecule.

3. Cleavage: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into two three-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). DHAP is then isomerized into another molecule of G3P.

4. Energy Harvesting: Each molecule of G3P undergoes a series of reactions that result in the production of ATP and NADH. In these reactions, G3P is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which then undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

5. Pyruvate Formation: The final steps of glycolysis involve the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to pyruvate. This process includes the production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

At the end of glycolysis, two molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that enters the process. Additionally, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules is generated.

It's important to note that glycolysis can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In aerobic respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis enters the mitochondria and undergoes further oxidation in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol, depending on the organism.