Question

Определите типы положительных взаимоотношений между организмами. А. кооперация. Б. мутуализм. В. паразитизм. Г. конкуренция. Д. комменсализм. Е. нейтрализм. Ж. квартиранство. З. хищнечество.

Answer 1

Ответ на задание: А, Б, Д

Answer 2

Types of Positive Relationships between Organisms

There are several types of positive relationships between organisms, each characterized by a different form of interaction. These relationships include:

A. Cooperation: Cooperation refers to a mutually beneficial interaction between two or more organisms, where they work together to achieve a common goal. This type of relationship often involves the division of labor and coordination of activities. An example of cooperation is seen in social insects like bees, where individuals work together to build and maintain a hive [[1]].

B. Mutualism: Mutualism is a type of relationship where both organisms involved benefit from the interaction. Each organism provides something that the other needs, resulting in a mutually advantageous exchange. An example of mutualism is the relationship between bees and flowers. Bees obtain nectar from flowers for food, while flowers benefit from the pollination services provided by bees [[2]].

C. Parasitism: Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other organism, the host. The parasite lives on or inside the host, obtaining nutrients and shelter while causing harm to the host. Examples of parasites include ticks, fleas, and tapeworms [[3]].

D. Competition: Competition occurs when two or more organisms compete for the same limited resources, such as food, water, or territory. In this type of relationship, the success of one organism often comes at the expense of the other. Competition can be intense and may lead to adaptations that allow organisms to better compete for resources. An example of competition is seen in plants competing for sunlight in a dense forest [[4]].

E. Commensalism: Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. The organism that benefits is often referred to as the commensal, while the other organism is the host. An example of commensalism is the relationship between cattle egrets and grazing cattle. The egrets feed on insects stirred up by the movement of the cattle, without causing any harm to the cattle [[5]].

F. Neutralism: Neutralism refers to a relationship where two organisms coexist without any significant interaction or impact on each other. This type of relationship is characterized by a lack of positive or negative effects between the organisms. An example of neutralism is the coexistence of different species of plants in a diverse ecosystem [[6]].

G. Quartersharing (Phoresy): Quartersharing, also known as phoresy, is a relationship where one organism uses another organism for transportation or dispersal without harming or benefiting the host. The organism being transported is often smaller and takes advantage of the host's movement to reach new locations. An example of quartersharing is the relationship between mites and beetles, where mites hitch a ride on beetles to move to new habitats [[7]].

H. Predation: Predation is a relationship where one organism, the predator, hunts, kills, and consumes another organism, the prey. This type of relationship is characterized by the predator benefiting from the consumption of the prey, while the prey is harmed or killed. Examples of predators include lions hunting zebras on the African savannah or wolves preying on deer in the forest [[8]].

It is important to note that these relationships can be dynamic and may change over time depending on various factors, such as resource availability, environmental conditions, and evolutionary pressures. Organisms often exhibit a combination of these relationships depending on their ecological niche and the specific context of their interactions.