Question

деякі антибіотики діють на трансляцію в клітинах прокаріотів але не діють на трансляцію в клітинах еукаріотів . чому таке можливо?​

Answer 1

Тому що у еукаріотів наявне ядро, а у прокаріотів воно відсутнє (Паша не списуй тут)

Answer 2

Antibiotics and Translation in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Certain antibiotics are known to inhibit translation in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. This difference in the effect of antibiotics on translation can be attributed to several factors related to the structural and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Structural Differences

One of the main reasons why some antibiotics selectively target translation in prokaryotic cells is the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, and they consist of two subunits: the large subunit and the small subunit. Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and structurally distinct from eukaryotic ribosomes. The differences in ribosome structure allow certain antibiotics to bind specifically to prokaryotic ribosomes and interfere with translation, while not affecting eukaryotic ribosomes.

Targeting Bacterial-Specific Components

Another reason for the selective action of antibiotics on prokaryotic translation is their ability to target bacterial-specific components involved in translation. For example, some antibiotics inhibit the activity of bacterial-specific enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which are responsible for attaching amino acids to tRNA molecules during translation. These enzymes have bacterial-specific features that allow antibiotics to selectively inhibit their function in prokaryotic cells without affecting the corresponding enzymes in eukaryotic cells.

Differences in Translation Machinery

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells also have differences in their translation machinery. For instance, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a simpler organization of their genetic material. This allows prokaryotes to couple transcription and translation, meaning that translation can occur simultaneously with transcription. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus where transcription occurs separately from translation. The differences in the organization and regulation of gene expression between prokaryotes and eukaryotes provide opportunities for antibiotics to selectively target translation in prokaryotic cells.

Protective Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have developed various protective mechanisms that help them resist the action of antibiotics. For example, eukaryotic cells possess efflux pumps that actively remove antibiotics from the cell, reducing their concentration and preventing their accumulation to levels that would inhibit translation. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have more complex and redundant repair mechanisms that can counteract the damage caused by antibiotics. These protective mechanisms contribute to the reduced susceptibility of eukaryotic cells to antibiotics that target translation.

Conclusion

In summary, the selective action of certain antibiotics on translation in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells can be attributed to the structural and functional differences between the two cell types. Structural differences in ribosomes, targeting of bacterial-specific components, differences in translation machinery, and protective mechanisms in eukaryotic cells all contribute to this selectivity. These factors allow antibiotics to specifically inhibit translation in prokaryotic cells, which are often bacteria, while sparing translation in eukaryotic cells, which make up multicellular organisms like humans