Question

Помогите пж умоляю вас помогите Задание 8. (10 баллов) Назовите типы скелета по месторасположению в организме животных. Приведите примеры. Задание 9. (10 баллов) Из каких основных отделов состоит скелет позвоночных животных? Задание 10. (12 баллов) Приведите примеры животных, имеющих: только один шейный позвонок; наружный скелет; особый выступ грудины – киль; грудную клетку; пять отделов позвоночника; только семь шейных позвонков.

Answer 1

Ответ:

8. Наружный (ракообразные, насекомые,паукообразные, имеет у них хитиновое происхождение)

Внутренний (хордовые животные, имеет костное происхождение, также есть элементы из хрящевой ткани, во всяком случае это все разновидности соединительной ткани).

9. Череп, позвоночный столб, грудная клетка, пояса конечностей и свободные конечности.

10. чесночница

речной рак

голубь

крыса

кролик

Answer 2

#### Types of Skeletons in Animals There are three main types of skeletons based on their location in the animal's body: 1. **Endoskeleton**: An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton found in many vertebrates, including humans. It provides support, protection, and attachment points for muscles. Examples of animals with endoskeletons include mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish [[1]]. 2. **Exoskeleton**: An exoskeleton is an external skeleton that covers the body of an animal. It provides support, protection, and a surface for muscle attachment. Examples of animals with exoskeletons include insects, crustaceans (such as crabs and lobsters), and arachnids (such as spiders and scorpions) [[2]]. 3. **Hydrostatic Skeleton**: A hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid-filled cavity that provides support and structure to soft-bodied animals. It relies on the pressure of the fluid to maintain its shape. Examples of animals with hydrostatic skeletons include worms, jellyfish, and octopuses [[3]]. #### Divisions of the Vertebrate Skeleton The skeleton of vertebrate animals, including humans, is divided into several main parts or divisions: 1. **Axial Skeleton**: The axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It provides support and protection for the vital organs. The skull protects the brain, while the vertebral column (spine) supports the body and protects the spinal cord. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs [[4]]. 2. **Appendicular Skeleton**: The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton that includes the limbs (arms and legs) and their associated girdles (shoulder and pelvic). It provides support and allows for movement. The shoulder girdle connects the arms to the axial skeleton, while the pelvic girdle connects the legs to the axial skeleton [[5]]. #### Examples of Animals with Specific Skeletal Features 1. **Only One Cervical Vertebra**: The giraffe is an example of an animal that has only one cervical vertebra. This long neck bone allows giraffes to have an extended range of motion and reach leaves high up in trees [[6]]. 2. **External Skeleton**: Insects, such as beetles and ants, have an exoskeleton made of a tough, rigid outer covering called the cuticle. This exoskeleton provides protection and support for the insect's body [[7]]. 3. **Sternum (Keel)**: Birds have a specialized bone called the keel or sternum, which is a large, flat projection on the front of their chest. The keel provides a surface for the attachment of flight muscles and is essential for powered flight. Examples of birds with a keel include eagles, pigeons, and chickens [[8]]. 4. **Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)**: Mammals, including humans, have a thoracic cage or rib cage that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the sternum (breastbone) and ribs, which enclose the thoracic cavity [[9]]. 5. **Five Regions of the Vertebral Column**: The vertebral column, or spine, is divided into five regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and coccygeal (tailbone). Each region has a specific number of vertebrae. For example, humans have seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, five fused sacral vertebrae, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae [[10]]. 6. **Only Seven Cervical Vertebrae**: Some animals, such as sloths and manatees, have only seven cervical vertebrae, which is the same number as in humans. This limited number of cervical vertebrae restricts their neck movement [[11]]. I hope this information helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.