Question

Какой смысл вкладывал Дарвин в выражение «борьба за существование»? Какие взаимоотношения существуют между особями одной популяция, между особями разных видов, между особями и популяций и условиями среды? Приведите примеры использования человеком взаимосвязей в живой природе?

Answer 1

Ответ на первое:Борьба за существование. Понятие «борьба за существование» Дарвин рассматривал в «широком и метафорическом смысле» . Во-первых, в термин «существование»  Дарвин вкладывал не только жизнь данной особи, но и успех ее в оставлении потомства. Во-вторых, словом «борьба» обозначалась не столько борьба как таковая т. е. как прямое «столкновение» , сколько конкуренция, часто происходящая в пассивной форме. В сущности  Дарвин под борьбой за существование подразумевал совокупность всех сложных взаимоотношений между организмом и внешней средой, определяющих успех или неудачу какой-либо особи в ее выживании и оставлении потомства. Когда лев отнимает добычу у гиены, подразумевается борьба за пищу. Про растение на окраине пустыни можно сказать, что оно ведет борьбу против засухи, но точно так же предполагается, что оно зависит от влажности.

 Дарвин выделил три формы борьбы за существование: межвидовую, внутривидовую и борьбу с неблагоприятными условиями среды.

Answer 2

Charles Darwin's Concept of "Struggle for Existence"

Charles Darwin's concept of "struggle for existence" refers to the competition among individuals of a species for limited resources in their environment. This concept is a key component of Darwin's theory of natural selection, which explains how species evolve over time. Darwin emphasized that individuals within a population compete with each other for resources such as food, mates, and shelter, and those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these traits to their offspring.

Interactions Within and Between Populations, Individuals, and Environmental Conditions

Interactions Within a Population: Within a population, individuals compete for resources, mates, and other necessities for survival. This competition can lead to the natural selection of traits that confer advantages in the struggle for existence. For example, in a population of birds, individuals may compete for limited nesting sites, leading to the selection of traits that enable certain birds to build better nests or defend territories more effectively.

Interactions Between Individuals of Different Species: The interactions between individuals of different species can take various forms, including competition, predation, mutualism, and commensalism. For example, in an ecosystem, different species may compete for the same food source, or one species may prey on another for sustenance. Additionally, some species may engage in mutualistic relationships, where both benefit, or commensalistic relationships, where one benefits while the other is unaffected.

Interactions Between Individuals and Environmental Conditions: Individuals within a population interact with their environment in various ways. Environmental conditions such as climate, availability of resources, and predation pressure can influence the survival and reproductive success of individuals. For instance, in a changing climate, individuals with traits that allow them to better adapt to the new conditions may have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to the evolution of the population.

Examples of Human Utilization of Interactions in the Natural World

Selective Breeding in Agriculture: Humans have utilized the principles of natural selection and competition for resources in the process of selective breeding in agriculture. By choosing individuals with desirable traits, such as high crop yield or disease resistance, humans have been able to artificially select for these traits in subsequent generations of plants and animals, effectively manipulating the genetic composition of populations for agricultural purposes.

Domestication of Animals: The domestication of animals is another example of human utilization of interactions in the natural world. Through selective breeding and controlled environments, humans have shaped the traits of various animal species to better suit human needs, such as for food, labor, or companionship. This process has led to the development of diverse breeds of domesticated animals with specific traits that benefit humans.

Conservation and Restoration Efforts: In conservation and restoration efforts, humans consider the interactions within and between populations, as well as with environmental conditions, to preserve and restore ecosystems. By understanding the dynamics of species interactions and their relationships with the environment, conservationists can make informed decisions about managing and protecting natural habitats, promoting biodiversity, and mitigating the impact of human activities on ecosystems.

In summary, Charles Darwin's concept of the "struggle for existence" highlights the competitive nature of interactions within and between populations, as well as with environmental conditions. These interactions play a crucial role in shaping the evolution and dynamics of living organisms, and humans have applied these principles in various ways to manipulate and manage the natural world for their benefit.