Question

Систематизируйте по критериям разные функции белков у разных организмов

Answer 1

1) Двигательная (сократительная) - белки участвуют во всех видах движения клетки и организма.

2) Регуляторная - есть белки,которые назвают гормонами. Гормоны - вещества,выделяющиеся в кровь различными железами, и участвуют в регуляции процесса обмена веществ.

3) Каталитическая - белки-ферменты ускоряют химические процессы в клетке организмов.

4) Транспортная - белки способны присоединять различные вещества и переносить их к тканям и органам.

5) Защитная - есть особые белки -- антитела,которые уничтожают возбудителей болезней или чужеродных белков,попавших в организмов,тем самым защищая клетку.

6) Энергетическая - белки являются одним из источников энергии в клетке.

Answer 2

Functions of Proteins in Different Organisms

Proteins play a crucial role in the functioning of living organisms. They perform a wide range of functions that are essential for the survival and proper functioning of cells and organisms. Here, we will discuss different functions of proteins in various organisms, categorized by criteria.

# Structural Functions:

Structural proteins provide support and shape to cells and tissues. They contribute to the structural integrity of various components in organisms. For example: - In animals, collagen is a structural protein that forms connective tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, and skin. - In plants, cellulose is a structural protein that forms the cell wall, providing rigidity and support to plant cells.

# Enzymatic Functions:

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells. They facilitate the conversion of substrates into products, thereby enabling essential metabolic processes. Examples include: - Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars during digestion in animals. - Rubisco is an enzyme involved in carbon fixation during photosynthesis in plants.

# Transport Functions:

Transport proteins facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes or within the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the proper distribution of nutrients and waste products. Examples include: - Hemoglobin is a transport protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues in animals [[5]](https://www.academia.edu/36311836/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2_Self_organization_of_living_systems_A_short_course_of_synergetics_for_biologists). - Aquaporins are transport proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes in plants.

# Defense Functions:

Defense proteins protect organisms against pathogens and other harmful substances. They are involved in the immune response and defense mechanisms. Examples include: - Antibodies are defense proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens) in animals. - Pathogenesis-related proteins are defense proteins produced by plants in response to pathogen attack.

# Regulatory Functions:

Regulatory proteins control and coordinate various cellular processes. They regulate gene expression, signal transduction, and other important functions. Examples include: - Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that control the expression of genes in animals and plants. - Hormones are regulatory proteins that act as chemical messengers, coordinating physiological processes in animals and plants.

# Contractile Functions:

Contractile proteins are responsible for muscle contraction and movement in animals. They enable the generation of force and movement. Examples include: - Actin and myosin are contractile proteins involved in muscle contraction in animals [[11]].

These are just a few examples of the diverse functions of proteins in different organisms. Proteins are versatile molecules that perform a wide range of essential functions, contributing to the complexity and functionality of living systems.

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