Question

14. Пути адаптацийі животных к изменениям температуры: 1) биологическая и физическая терморегуляция; 2) химическая, физическая, поведенческая терморегуляция; 3) усиление теплоотдачи при снижении температуры; 4) усиление образования тепла при повышении температуры. 15. Состояние оцепенения характеризуется: 1) отсутствием видимых проявлений жизни; 2) неадекватным поведением животного; 3) неподвижностью животного; 4) почти полным прекращением жизненных процессов; 5) прекращением питания и снижением физиологических функций.​

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Adaptations of Animals to Temperature Changes

Animals have developed various adaptations to cope with changes in temperature. These adaptations can be categorized into different types of thermoregulation, including biological and physical thermoregulation, as well as chemical, physical, and behavioral thermoregulation.

1. Biological and Physical Thermoregulation: Animals can regulate their body temperature through biological and physical mechanisms. Biological thermoregulation involves physiological processes that help maintain a stable internal temperature. For example, animals may have specialized organs, such as sweat glands or fat layers, that help regulate body temperature. Physical thermoregulation involves external factors, such as seeking shade or burrowing underground, to avoid extreme temperatures.

2. Chemical, Physical, and Behavioral Thermoregulation: Animals can also use chemical, physical, and behavioral adaptations to regulate their body temperature. Chemical thermoregulation involves the production of certain compounds, such as antifreeze proteins in some fish and insects, which help them survive in cold temperatures. Physical thermoregulation includes adaptations like insulation, such as fur or feathers, which help retain body heat. Behavioral thermoregulation involves actions taken by animals to regulate their temperature, such as basking in the sun or seeking cooler areas.

3. Increased Heat Dissipation in Cold Temperatures: When faced with low temperatures, animals may increase their heat dissipation to prevent excessive heat loss. They may do this by constricting blood vessels in their extremities to reduce blood flow to these areas, thus conserving heat for vital organs. Additionally, animals may fluff up their fur or feathers to create an insulating layer of air that helps retain body heat.

4. Increased Heat Production in High Temperatures: In response to high temperatures, animals may increase their heat production to cool down. This can be achieved through various mechanisms, such as panting, sweating, or increasing metabolic activity. These processes help dissipate excess heat and maintain a stable body temperature.

State of Torpor

The state of torpor is characterized by a temporary reduction in an animal's metabolic rate and activity level. It is a survival strategy used by some animals to conserve energy during periods of unfavorable conditions, such as extreme cold or food scarcity. Torpor is different from hibernation, as it is a shorter and less deep state of reduced activity.

1. Absence of Visible Signs of Life: During torpor, animals may exhibit a reduced level of activity and appear motionless. They may not respond to external stimuli and show no visible signs of life, such as movement or feeding.

2. Inappropriate Animal Behavior: Animals in torpor may display abnormal or inappropriate behavior due to their reduced metabolic rate. For example, they may not respond to threats or engage in typical activities like foraging or mating.

3. Immobility: Animals in torpor often remain immobile for extended periods. They may find sheltered locations, such as burrows or tree hollows, where they can conserve energy and minimize exposure to external factors.

4. Significant Reduction in Life Processes: Torpor involves a significant reduction in an animal's physiological processes. This includes a decrease in heart rate, respiration rate, and overall metabolic activity. The animal's body temperature may also drop to match the surrounding environment.

5. Decreased Feeding and Physiological Functions: During torpor, animals typically reduce or cease feeding altogether. Their physiological functions, such as digestion and reproduction, may also slow down or temporarily halt.

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