Question

Опиши,как вода движется из почвы в корень, из корня в стебель и из стебля в листья.

Answer 1

Ответ:

процесс движения воды через растение и её испарение через наружные органы растения, такие как листья, стебли и цветки. ... Вода поглощается корнями из почвы с помощью осмоса и движется в ксилеме наверх вместе с растворенными в ней питательными веществами.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Movement of Water from Soil to Root

The movement of water from the soil to the root of a plant is facilitated by a process called root uptake. This process involves several mechanisms that allow water to move from areas of high water potential (in the soil) to areas of low water potential (in the root). Here's a detailed description of how water moves from the soil to the root:

1. Absorption: The root hairs, which are tiny projections on the surface of the root, play a crucial role in water absorption. These root hairs increase the surface area of the root, allowing for more efficient water uptake. Water molecules move into the root hairs through a process called osmosis, where they pass through the cell walls and cell membranes of the root cells.

2. Root Pressure: Once water enters the root hairs, it moves through the root cortex, which is the outer layer of the root. This movement is driven by a process called root pressure. Root pressure is the result of osmotic forces in the root cells, which push water up the root. This pressure helps to move water from the soil into the root and is particularly important in smaller plants and during periods of high soil moisture.

3. Capillary Action: Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is another mechanism that aids in the movement of water from the soil to the root. Capillary action occurs due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water. Water molecules adhere to the surfaces of soil particles and each other, allowing them to move upward through small spaces in the soil, such as capillary tubes. This process helps to pull water up through the soil and into the root.

Movement of Water from Root to Stem

Once water is absorbed by the root, it moves upward through the stem of the plant. This upward movement of water is primarily driven by two processes: transpiration and root pressure. Here's how water moves from the root to the stem:

1. Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from the leaves of a plant in the form of water vapor. As water evaporates from the leaf surface, it creates a negative pressure gradient, or tension, which pulls water upward through the stem. This process is similar to how water moves up a straw when you suck on it. Transpiration is driven by factors such as sunlight, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

2. Root Pressure: Root pressure, as mentioned earlier, also plays a role in moving water from the root to the stem. The osmotic forces in the root cells create a positive pressure that pushes water upward. While root pressure is not the primary driving force for water movement in most plants, it can contribute to the movement of water in certain situations, such as during periods of high soil moisture or in smaller plants.

Movement of Water from Stem to Leaves

Once water reaches the stem, it continues to move upward and is transported to the leaves through specialized tissues called xylem. The xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves. Here's how water moves from the stem to the leaves:

1. Transpiration Pull: The primary driving force for the movement of water from the stem to the leaves is the transpiration pull. As water evaporates from the leaf surface during transpiration, it creates a negative pressure gradient, or tension, in the xylem. This tension pulls water upward through the xylem vessels, similar to how water is pulled up a straw. The cohesion and adhesion of water molecules also contribute to this upward movement.

2. Cohesion and Adhesion: Water molecules have cohesive properties, meaning they tend to stick together. This cohesion allows water to form a continuous column in the xylem vessels, enabling it to be pulled upward. Additionally, water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem vessels, a property known as adhesion. Adhesion helps counteract the force of gravity and allows water to move upward against gravity.

In summary, water moves from the soil to the root through processes such as absorption, root pressure, and capillary action. From the root, water moves to the stem and then to the leaves through mechanisms like transpiration, root pressure, and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water. These processes work together to ensure the continuous movement of water throughout the plant, providing it with the necessary hydration and nutrients for growth and survival.