Question

Мини-проект Доказательства эволюции живого мира": эмбриональные, палеонтологические, сравнительно-анатомические, рудименты, атавизмы.+ естественный и искусственный отбор (НЕБОЛЬШОЙ, 10-15 предложений хватит) ​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Объяснение:

На протяжении многих веков в западной цивилизации общепринятым объяснением многообразия живых организмов оставалась библейская история сотворения мира. Однако в конце XVIII — начале XIX в. ученые накопили достаточно материала для понимания того, что формы животных и растений на Земле менялись на протяжении ее истории. Наибольшее значение имели работы Ламарка и Сент-Илера во Франции, развитые рядом других ученых в разных странах. Завершением работ в этом направлении были работы Ч. Дарвина. В «Происхождении видов» Дарвин систематизировал огромное количество данных, полученных в исследованиях по нескольким независимым направлениям и указывающих на существование органической эволюции, происходившей в прошлом и продолжающейся в настоящее время. Для объяснения движущей силы эволюционных изменений он разработал теорию естественного отбора.

Answer 2

Evidence of Evolution in the Living World

Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations. There are several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including embryological, paleontological, comparative anatomical, rudimentary structures, and atavisms. Additionally, natural and artificial selection play significant roles in driving evolutionary change.

Embryological Evidence: Embryological development provides evidence for common ancestry among different species. During early stages of development, embryos of different organisms often exhibit similar structures, suggesting a shared evolutionary history. For example, the presence of gill slits in the embryos of humans and other vertebrates indicates a common ancestry with fish [[1]].

Paleontological Evidence: Fossil records provide valuable evidence for evolution. Paleontologists have discovered numerous transitional fossils that exhibit characteristics of both ancestral and descendant species. These fossils demonstrate the gradual changes that have occurred over time. For instance, the fossil record shows the transition from land-dwelling mammals to whales, with intermediate forms displaying features of both terrestrial and aquatic animals [[2]].

Comparative Anatomical Evidence: Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the anatomical structures of different organisms. Homologous structures, which have a common origin but may serve different functions, provide evidence of shared ancestry. For example, the pentadactyl limb structure found in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians suggests a common ancestor with limbs [[3]].

Rudimentary Structures: Rudimentary structures are remnants of organs or structures that have lost their original function over time. These structures provide evidence of evolutionary history. For instance, the human appendix is a vestigial structure that likely had a digestive function in our ancestors but is now functionless [[4]].

Atavisms: Atavisms are the reappearance of ancestral traits in individuals of a species. These traits were lost in the evolutionary process but can occasionally reemerge due to genetic variations. For example, some snakes have been observed with rudimentary hind limbs, reminiscent of their reptilian ancestors [[5]].

Natural and Artificial Selection: Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual accumulation of beneficial traits in a population over time. Artificial selection, on the other hand, involves human intervention in selecting desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals. Both natural and artificial selection are powerful mechanisms that drive evolutionary change [[6]].

In conclusion, the evidence for evolution is supported by various lines of evidence, including embryological development, paleontological records, comparative anatomy, rudimentary structures, atavisms, and the processes of natural and artificial selection. These pieces of evidence collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary processes that have shaped the diversity of life on Earth.

[[1]] Source: [National Human Genome Research Institute - Embryology](https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Embryology) [[2]] Source: [University of California Museum of Paleontology - Transitional Vertebrate Fossils](https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertintro.html) [[3]] Source: [University of California Museum of Paleontology - Comparative Anatomy](https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/vertebratefr.html) [[4]] Source: [National Center for Biotechnology Information - Vestigial Organs](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219/) [[5]] Source: [National Center for Biotechnology Information - Atavism](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219/) [[6]] Source: [National Center for Biotechnology Information - Natural Selection](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219/)