Question

Примеры ситуаций когда рыночные механизмы не работают

Answer 1

1) плановая экономическая система, сам факт рынка отсутствует
2) монополия, когда на рынке 1 производитель и отсутствует конкуренция, а конкуренция это самый главный фактор существования рынка в рыночной экономике яркий пример + монополия неизбежно ведёт к кризису..

Answer 2

Situations Where Market Mechanisms Do Not Work

Market mechanisms, while generally effective, may fail to produce optimal outcomes in certain situations. Here are some examples of when market mechanisms may not work:

1. Externalities: In cases where the actions of producers or consumers have an impact on third parties that is not reflected in the price, market mechanisms may fail to allocate resources efficiently. For example, pollution from industrial production imposes costs on society that are not accounted for in the market price of goods.

2. Public Goods: Market mechanisms may not efficiently provide public goods, such as national defense or clean air, because of the free-rider problem. Individuals may benefit from these goods without contributing to their provision, leading to underproduction in the market.

3. Imperfect Competition: In markets with monopolies or oligopolies, the lack of competition can result in higher prices and lower output than would occur under perfect competition. This can lead to market inefficiencies and reduced consumer welfare.

4. Information Asymmetry: When one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other, market mechanisms may lead to suboptimal outcomes. This can result in issues such as adverse selection and moral hazard, particularly in markets for insurance and financial products.

5. Income Inequality: Market mechanisms may exacerbate income inequality, as those with more resources are better positioned to take advantage of market opportunities, leading to unequal distribution of wealth and resources.

6. Market Failures in Healthcare: In the healthcare sector, market mechanisms may not work optimally due to issues such as moral hazard, adverse selection, and the inability of individuals to accurately assess the quality of medical services.

These examples illustrate situations where market mechanisms may not work as intended, leading to inefficiencies and suboptimal outcomes.