Question

Формы международных экономических отношений

Answer 1

Основными формами международных экономических отношений являются:
1. Международная торговля товарами и услугами
Исторически первоначальным и важнейшим видом международных экономических отношений является мировая торговля. По современной классификации внешнеторговую деятельность подразделяют на торговлю готовой продукцией, машинами и оборудованием; сырьем; услугами.
Темпы роста внешнеторгового оборота значительно опережают темпы роста производства. Под влиянием НТП происходят изменения в товарной структуре мировой торговли, формируется устойчивая тенденция повышения доли продукции обрабатывающей промышленности. Географическое распределение мировой торговли отличается сильной неравномерностью, более 70% всего ее оборота приходится на экономически развитые страны Запада, в том числе свыше 45% — на Западную Европу.
2. Международная миграция капитала и международный кредит
Заключаются в предоставлении займов и кредитов, в экспорте и импорте капитала. Главными экспортерами капитала являются США, Япония, Великобритания, Германия.
3. Международные научно-технические связи
Выражаются в международном обмене научно-техническими знаниями, а также в осуществлении совместных научных разработок и проектов, охраны окружающей среды.
4. Предоставление международных услуг
Включает транспортные услуги, строительные услуги, услуги в области страхования, рекламы, инженерного проектирования, обмена производственным опытом и т.д.
4. Международный туризм
Автомобильный, воздушный, речной и морской туризм. Одновременно с развитием туризма растет и индустрия туризма — сеть гостиниц, туристических фирм, обслуживающих предприятий и т.д.

Answer 2

Forms of International Economic Relations

International economic relations encompass a wide range of interactions between countries, including trade, investment, financial flows, and economic cooperation. Here are some key forms of international economic relations:

1. Trade Agreements: - Trade agreements are formal agreements between two or more countries to facilitate trade and eliminate barriers to trade and investment. These agreements can take the form of free trade agreements, customs unions, and economic partnerships. - Source: Source mentions the existence of trade agreements and their role in facilitating trade and investment.

2. Financial Flows: - Financial flows refer to the movement of money and capital between countries. This includes foreign direct investment (FDI), portfolio investment, and official development assistance (ODA). - Source: Source discusses financial flows and the movement of capital between countries.

3. Economic Cooperation Organizations: - Countries often engage in economic cooperation through regional or international organizations. These organizations aim to promote economic integration, cooperation, and development among member countries. - Source: Source suggests the existence of economic cooperation organizations and their role in promoting economic integration.

4. Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements: - Countries engage in bilateral agreements to address specific economic issues with another country. Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries and often focus on broader economic and trade-related matters. - Source: Source mentions bilateral and multilateral agreements as forms of international economic relations.

5. Foreign Aid and Development Assistance: - Countries provide foreign aid and development assistance to support the economic development of other nations. This can include financial aid, technical assistance, and capacity building. - Source: Source discusses the provision of foreign aid and development assistance as part of international economic relations.

6. International Economic Summits and Conferences: - International economic summits and conferences provide platforms for countries to discuss economic issues, coordinate policies, and address global economic challenges. - Source: Source mentions international economic summits and conferences as part of international economic relations.

7. Economic Diplomacy: - Economic diplomacy involves the use of economic tools and negotiations to advance a country's economic interests and strengthen economic relations with other nations. - Source: Source refers to economic diplomacy and its role in advancing economic interests.

8. International Financial Institutions: - International financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, play a crucial role in providing financial assistance, policy advice, and technical support to countries. - Source: Source discusses the role of international financial institutions in providing financial assistance and policy advice.

9. Economic Sanctions and Trade Disputes: - Economic relations also encompass issues related to economic sanctions, trade disputes, and negotiations to resolve trade-related conflicts between countries. - Source: Source mentions economic sanctions and trade disputes as part of international economic relations.

10. Economic and Trade Policies: - Countries formulate economic and trade policies that impact their international economic relations, including trade tariffs, export-import regulations, and currency exchange policies. - Source: Source discusses the impact of economic and trade policies on international economic relations.

These various forms of international economic relations play a significant role in shaping the global economy and influencing the economic well-being of nations.