Question

Чем отличается первобытое общество от цивилизации

Answer 1

Difference between Primitive Society and Civilization

Primitive society and civilization are two distinct stages of human development. Here are some key differences between them:

1. Social Organization: - Primitive Society: In primitive societies, social organization is typically based on kinship ties and small groups, such as bands or tribes. These societies are often nomadic and have a simple division of labor. - Civilization: In contrast, civilizations are characterized by complex social structures with hierarchical systems, such as classes or castes. They have larger populations and are often organized around cities or urban centers. Division of labor is more specialized and diverse in civilizations.

2. Technological Advancement: - Primitive Society: Primitive societies have limited technological advancements. They rely on simple tools and techniques for hunting, gathering, and basic agriculture. - Civilization: Civilizations, on the other hand, exhibit significant technological advancements. They develop complex tools, machinery, and infrastructure, such as writing systems, irrigation systems, and architectural marvels.

3. Economic System: - Primitive Society: Primitive societies typically have subsistence economies, where people rely on hunting, gathering, and basic agriculture to meet their needs. They have a limited surplus and do not engage in extensive trade. - Civilization: Civilizations have more complex economic systems. They engage in agriculture, trade, and commerce on a larger scale. They develop currency, markets, and specialized occupations.

4. Cultural Development: - Primitive Society: Primitive societies have simple cultural systems with limited artistic expression. Their cultural practices are often closely tied to their immediate environment and survival needs. - Civilization: Civilizations exhibit rich cultural development. They produce art, literature, philosophy, and scientific knowledge. They develop complex belief systems, legal codes, and institutions.

5. Political Organization: - Primitive Society: Primitive societies often have egalitarian political structures, where decision-making is based on consensus or the authority of elders. Leadership is typically informal and temporary. - Civilization: Civilizations have more complex political structures. They develop formal systems of governance, such as monarchies, republics, or empires. They have laws, bureaucracies, and institutions to maintain social order.

It is important to note that these differences are generalizations, and there can be variations within both primitive societies and civilizations. Additionally, the transition from primitive society to civilization is a gradual process that can take thousands of years.