Question

Краткая история русской письменности​

Answer 1

Ответ:

Из истории русской письменности

С.М. Кузьмина, д.ф.н., вед. н. с. Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова

В основе современной русской письменности лежит кириллица – азбука, составленная в 863 году (этот год считается датой рождения славянской письменности) греческим философом и первым славянским просветителем святым Кириллом (Константином) для перевода на славянский язык греческих богослужебных книг.

В основу кириллицы был положен греческий алфавит в его «парадной» форме – так называемый устав. Он был дополнен недостающими буквами для передачи такими звуков, отсутствующих в греческом языке, как б, ж, ш, щ, ч, ъ, ы, ь, ю,я.

Answer 2

#### Brief History of Russian Literature Russian literature has a rich and diverse history that spans several centuries. It encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and themes, reflecting the cultural, social, and political developments of the Russian people. Here is a brief overview of the major periods and movements in Russian literature: **1. Medieval Period (10th-17th centuries):** The earliest known works of Russian literature date back to the 10th century and are primarily religious in nature. These include religious texts, chronicles, and hagiographies. Notable works from this period include "The Primary Chronicle" and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign." **2. Enlightenment and Classicism (18th century):** The 18th century saw the emergence of Russian literature influenced by European Enlightenment ideas. Writers like Mikhail Lomonosov and Alexander Sumarokov sought to modernize Russian literature and bring it in line with European standards. The reign of Catherine the Great also saw the rise of sentimentalism in Russian literature. **3. Romanticism (early 19th century):** The early 19th century marked the advent of Romanticism in Russian literature. Writers like Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, and Fyodor Tyutchev explored themes of love, nature, and individualism. Pushkin's works, such as "Eugene Onegin" and "The Bronze Horseman," are considered masterpieces of Russian literature. **4. Realism (mid to late 19th century):** Realism became the dominant literary movement in Russia during the mid to late 19th century. Writers like Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, and Fyodor Dostoevsky depicted the realities of Russian society, exploring themes of social inequality, moral dilemmas, and psychological depth. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" are iconic works of this period. **5. Symbolism (late 19th to early 20th century):** Symbolism emerged as a reaction against the realism of the late 19th century. Symbolist writers, such as Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely, and Fyodor Sologub, focused on the exploration of complex symbols and metaphors to convey deeper meanings. They sought to capture the spiritual and mystical aspects of human existence. **6. Soviet Literature (early to mid-20th century):** The early to mid-20th century was marked by the dominance of Soviet literature, which was heavily influenced by socialist realism. Writers like Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Boris Pasternak depicted the struggles and triumphs of the Soviet people. However, artistic freedom was often restricted, and literature served as a tool for propaganda. **7. Post-Soviet Literature (late 20th century to present):** With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian literature entered a new phase. Writers like Vladimir Sorokin, Ludmila Ulitskaya, and Dmitry Glukhovsky explored diverse themes and experimented with different styles. Post-Soviet literature reflects the complexities of contemporary Russian society and addresses issues such as identity, globalization, and political change. It's important to note that this is just a brief overview of Russian literature, and there are many more writers, works, and movements that have contributed to its rich tapestry. If you're interested in exploring further, I would recommend delving into the works of these writers and exploring the different periods and movements in more detail.