Question

Помогите пожалуйста 1.Какую эволюцию претерпела система сбора ордынской дани на Руси?2.Какое влияние оказало ордынское владычество на княжескую власть?3. Почему в период ордынского владычества постепенно затухает вечевая деятельность на Руси?

Answer 1

Evolution of the System of Collecting the Tribute on Rus'

The system of collecting the tribute, known as the "ordynskaya dani" or "Tatar tribute," underwent several changes and evolutions during the period of Mongol rule in Rus'. Here is a detailed explanation of the evolution of the system:

1. Early Period: When the Mongols first invaded Rus' in the 13th century, they established their dominance and imposed a tribute system on the local population. The tribute was collected in the form of goods, such as furs, honey, and wax, as well as in monetary form. The Mongols appointed tax collectors, known as "baskaks," who were responsible for collecting the tribute from the principalities and delivering it to the Mongol rulers [[1]].

2. Centralization: Over time, the Mongols centralized the collection of the tribute by establishing a system of regional tax centers. These centers were located in major cities and were responsible for collecting the tribute from the surrounding territories. The tax centers were staffed by Mongol officials and their local representatives, who were responsible for overseeing the collection process and ensuring compliance [[2]].

3. Integration with Local Administration: As the Mongols consolidated their rule, they began to integrate the tribute collection system with the local administration. They appointed local princes, known as "tatars," to govern the principalities on their behalf. These tatars were responsible for collecting the tribute and maintaining order in their respective territories. The tatars had significant autonomy in governing their territories, but they were ultimately accountable to the Mongol rulers [[3]].

4. Changes in Tribute Payment: As the Mongol Empire expanded and faced financial challenges, the tribute payment system underwent changes. The Mongols introduced new taxes and levies, such as the "yasaq" or customs duties, to supplement the tribute. The payment of tribute became more burdensome for the local population, leading to increased resistance and resentment [[4]].

5. Gradual Decline: Over time, the Mongol Empire weakened, and the authority of the Mongol rulers in Rus' diminished. This led to a gradual decline in the effectiveness of the tribute collection system. The local princes started to assert more independence and resisted the Mongol demands. The Mongols also faced challenges from other external forces, such as the rise of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which further weakened their control over Rus' [[5]].

Influence of Mongol Rule on Princely Power

The Mongol rule, including the system of ordynskaya dani, had a significant influence on the princely power in Rus'. Here are the key points regarding the influence of Mongol rule on the princely power:

1. Centralization of Power: The Mongols imposed a centralized system of governance in Rus', which significantly curtailed the autonomy of the local princes. The Mongol rulers appointed tatars to govern the principalities, and the princes had to answer to them. The princes' power was subordinated to the Mongol authority, and they had to comply with the Mongol demands, including the payment of tribute [[3]].

2. Weakening of Princely Autonomy: The Mongol rule weakened the autonomy of the local princes. They had to seek approval from the Mongol rulers for major decisions, such as succession and territorial disputes. The princes became more dependent on the Mongols for their legitimacy and protection. The Mongols also intervened in the internal affairs of the principalities, often removing or appointing princes based on their own interests [[6]].

3. Integration into the Mongol Administration: The Mongols integrated the local princes into their administrative system. The princes were given administrative roles and responsibilities within the Mongol administration, such as tax collection and maintaining order. This integration allowed the Mongols to exert control over the princes and ensure their compliance [[7]].

4. Influence on Succession: The Mongols had a significant influence on the succession of princes. They often intervened in succession disputes and appointed princes who were loyal to them. This practice further weakened the princely power and increased the Mongol influence over the ruling elite in Rus' [[8]].

Decline of Veche Activities during Mongol Rule

During the period of Mongol rule, the activities of the veche, a popular assembly in Rus', gradually declined. Here are the reasons for the decline of veche activities:

1. Centralization of Power: The Mongol rule brought about a centralized system of governance, which reduced the autonomy of local institutions like the veche. The Mongols appointed tatars to govern the principalities and made decisions on behalf of the local population. The veche lost its influence and decision-making power as the Mongols imposed their own administrative structures [[9]].

2. Restrictions on Autonomy: The Mongols imposed restrictions on the autonomy of the local princes and institutions. They controlled the appointment of princes and limited their decision-making authority. The veche, as a local institution, faced similar restrictions and was unable to assert its independence [[10]].

3. Suppression of Dissent: The Mongols suppressed dissent and resistance in Rus'. They imposed harsh punishments on those who opposed their rule, including members of the veche. This suppression created an atmosphere of fear and discouraged active participation in the veche [[11]].

4. Shift in Power Dynamics: The Mongol rule brought about a shift in power dynamics, with the Mongols and their appointed tatars holding the ultimate authority. The veche, as a grassroots institution, lost its influence in decision-making processes, as the Mongols and their representatives made key decisions [[12]].

In summary, the system of collecting the tribute on Rus' underwent changes and evolutions during the period of Mongol rule. The Mongol rule had a significant influence on the princely power, weakening their autonomy and integrating them into the Mongol administration. The activities of the veche gradually declined due to the centralization of power, restrictions on autonomy, suppression of dissent, and the shift in power dynamics brought about by the Mongol rule.