Question

чем установленный в италии фашистский режим б.муссолини отличался от фашистской диктатуры в германии? чем они были схожи? почему фашистские партии стремились соблюсти нормы парламентской демократии,продвигаясь к власти ?

Answer 1

Difference between Mussolini's Fascist Regime in Italy and the Nazi Dictatorship in Germany

The fascist regime established by Benito Mussolini in Italy and the Nazi dictatorship in Germany had both similarities and differences. Here are some key points:

1. Leadership and Ideology: - Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy was led by Benito Mussolini, while the Nazi dictatorship in Germany was led by Adolf Hitler. - Both regimes were based on fascist ideologies that emphasized authoritarian rule, nationalism, and the supremacy of the state. - However, there were some differences in their ideologies. Mussolini's fascism was characterized by corporatism, which aimed to harmonize the interests of different social classes within the nation. On the other hand, Hitler's Nazism was rooted in racial superiority and anti-Semitism, with a focus on the Aryan race.

2. Relationship with the Church: - Mussolini's regime in Italy had a more cooperative relationship with the Catholic Church. Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty with the Vatican in 1929, which recognized Vatican City as an independent state and gave the Catholic Church certain privileges. - In contrast, Hitler's regime in Germany had a more contentious relationship with the Catholic Church. While Hitler initially sought to appease the Church, tensions arose due to Nazi policies that conflicted with Catholic teachings.

3. Treatment of Jews: - Both regimes implemented anti-Semitic policies, but the extent and severity of these policies differed. - Under Mussolini's regime, anti-Semitic policies were initially less extreme compared to Nazi Germany. However, as the alliance between Italy and Germany grew stronger during World War II, Mussolini adopted more anti-Semitic measures, including the introduction of racial laws in 1938. - In Nazi Germany, the persecution of Jews was central to Hitler's ideology. The Nazis implemented systematic discrimination, persecution, and ultimately the genocide of six million Jews during the Holocaust.

4. Economic Policies: - Mussolini's regime implemented a policy known as corporatism, which aimed to create a harmonious relationship between labor, capital, and the state. The government controlled key industries and sought to balance the interests of workers and employers. - In Nazi Germany, the economy was characterized by a combination of state control and private enterprise. The government exerted significant control over the economy, implementing policies such as autarky (economic self-sufficiency) and rearmament.

5. International Relations: - Mussolini's regime sought to establish Italy as a major power and revive the glory of the Roman Empire. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and formed alliances with Germany and Japan in the Axis Powers during World War II. - Hitler's regime in Germany pursued territorial expansion and sought to establish a racially pure empire. Germany invaded neighboring countries, starting with the annexation of Austria in 1938 and culminating in the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Fascist Parties and the Pursuit of Power

Fascist parties, including Mussolini's National Fascist Party in Italy and the Nazi Party in Germany, initially sought to gain power through democratic means. This was partly due to strategic considerations and the desire to gain popular support. By participating in elections and promoting themselves as legitimate political parties, they aimed to attract voters and gradually increase their influence.

However, once in power, both Mussolini and Hitler used their positions to consolidate their authority and establish authoritarian regimes. They suppressed political opposition, curtailed civil liberties, and established totalitarian control over various aspects of society.

It is important to note that while fascist parties initially sought to uphold the norms of parliamentary democracy to gain power, their ultimate goal was to establish authoritarian rule and reshape society according to their ideologies.